The Tourism Function of the Castles of the Knights of the Teutonic Order in Poland

The author’s main objective is to define the level of development of the tourism function of the Teutonic Order castles found in the area of contemporary Poland. The author has taken into account both well-preserved and renovated castles, as well as those in a state of ruin. In order to achieve his goal, he analysed forms of castle development and numbers of tourists, which is the main measure of the tourism function. The final stage of the research was to define the tourism rank of the castles studied

Museums in former residences: castles, palaces and manor houses

The article concerns former residences in Poland and their contemporary use as museums. The authors present the history of Polish residences, the development of museums in castles, palaces and manor houses, their spatial distribution and the relations between the type of building and that of the museum collection

Pozadosłowne rozumienie emocji

The meaning of emotions and the meaning of words- emotions’ labels are described in studiem about emotions. Although there are some differences between these two domains, most studies about understanding emotions use lexical approach. On the other hand, the nonspecific limits inspired by language can be noticed in the area of changes in emotion meaning. Two studies were conducted and metaheuristic postulates were involved with the aim of breaking these limits. The denotation and emotional complexity were examined/analyzed in the first study. In the second study the atypical connotations taken from the psychology of creativity were used. The outcomes were discussed in relation to abstraction and metaphor as a result it is possible to go beyond literal understanding of emotions and express emotions verbally.The meaning of emotions and the meaning of words- emotions’ labels are described in studiem about emotions. Although there are some differences between these two domains, most studies about understanding emotions use lexical approach. On the other hand, the nonspecific limits inspired by language can be noticed in the area of changes in emotion meaning. Two studies were conducted and metaheuristic postulates were involved with the aim of breaking these limits. The denotation and emotional complexity were examined/analyzed in the first study. In the second study the atypical connotations taken from the psychology of creativity were used. The outcomes were discussed in relation to abstraction and metaphor as a result it is possible to go beyond literal understanding of emotions and express emotions verbally

Co się ukrywa za nazwami emocji?

The article is devoted to the semantic motivations of the names of feelings. Its aim is to prove that when one researches semantic motivations one discovers the original associations connected with referents, in this case, feelings. In order to present the problem in an accessible way the most legible of the names were chosen for the analysis – especially those which acquired the meaning of a feeling by way of metaphor. The names whose structure is clear but which lost their legibility due to lexicalisation were also considered.The article is devoted to the semantic motivations of the names of feelings. Its aim is to prove that when one researches semantic motivations one discovers the original associations connected with referents, in this case, feelings. In order to present the problem in an accessible way the most legible of the names were chosen for the analysis – especially those which acquired the meaning of a feeling by way of metaphor. The names whose structure is clear but which lost their legibility due to lexicalisation were also considered

O przypominaniu sobie albo o granicach praw asocjacji

Basing itself on Edith Stein's research into philosophy of psychology and the humanities, this article focuses particularly on discussions of the theory of association. Stein's approach, rooted in Husserlian phenomenological perspective, seems to represent a significant contribution to the establish of an intellectual framework for the exploration of the philosophy of consciousness, and also seems helpful for inquiries into the issue pf practical know-how pertaining to remembering things, as well as the use of schemata in intellectual activity generally

Self-image after a Catastrophe. Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Jerzy Andrzejewski: Two Polish Testimonies of the Holocaust from the 1940s.

As far as the question of the Holocaust is concerned, the Polish culture is characterised by some peculiar feature. On the one hand, it embraces the texts which quite uncompromisingly describe the Polish role in extermination, noticing a continuum between collective discriminating behaviours of the non-Jewish part of the society and the exterminating activities of the Nazis. Such voices deconstruct narration, in which the Polish majority remains an isolated, bystanding and passive witness of the Holocaust, and demonstrate some forms of participation. On the other hand, the message of this kind does not permeate into social consciousness, does not become known and does not improve the knowledge of the society about itself. The studies of Protest by Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Wielki Tydzień (“Holy Week”) by Jerzy Andrzejewski are used for the description of the mechanism of this “becoming acquainted”. A key role in this mechanism is played by preoccupation with self-image of the group. The Holocaust, to a certain degree, undermined the obviousness of Polish discriminating practices towards Jews. In the awareness of elites there appeared a premonition of other criteria of evaluation of Polish behaviours, going beyond the mentioned practices (a phantasm “eyes of the world”). In the light of such criteria, the attitude towards exterminated Jews proves to be discrediting. At the same time, there appear narrations whose aim is to restore the order of discrimination and the hierarchies connected with it, which comes down to forcing the victims into inferior position—in contrast to the dominating majority—and concealing the knowledge about participation in the crime. Consequently, culture remains in the state of unrest. Unwanted knowledge (and the feeling of guilt) returns and the attempts to become purified by the renewed concealment and repudiation of the awareness of evil always prove unsuccessful. The signs of repudiation are the recurring symptoms and repetitions of the same scenario of denial of never clearly stated accusations

Values and emotions in contemporary Polish reportages

Określenia wartości i uczuć-afektów zaczerpnięte zostały z „Retoryki” Arystotelesa oraz współczesnych podziałów uczuć. Ilustracją retoryki uczuć są wybrane polskie reportaże XX i XXI w. Uczuciami omówionymi w artykule są: gniew, litość, oburzenie, ambicja, lęk, odwaga, wstyd, współczucie, nuda, smutek, rozczarowanie, podziw, szacunek. Zostały też uwzględnione przykłady strategii perswazyjnych („ethos” i „pathos”) oraz językowego wyrażania emocji.For the sake of the present analysis, definitions of values and emotions or affects are taken from Aristotle’s “Rhetoric” and from modern typologies of emotions. Selected Polish reportages of the 20th and 21st century have been chosen to illustrate the rhetoric of emotion. The paper elaborates on the following affects: anger, compassion, indignation, ambition, fear, courage, shame, sympathy, boredom, sadness, disappointment, admiration, respect. Examples of persuasive strategies (‘ethos’ and ‘pathos’) as well as linguistic expression of emotions are also taken into consideration

Ruch jako sposób na przeciwdziałanie zachowaniom agresywnym

Publikacja wydana w ramach projektu „Terapia przez rozwój”. Program rozwoju sieci placówek dla młodzieży zagrożonej przedwczesnym wypadnięciem z systemu oświaty. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Europejskiego Funduszu Społeczneg