Frequency and voltage partitioning in presence of renewable energy resources for power system (example: North Chile power network)

This paper investigates techniques for frequency and voltage partitioning of power network based on the graph-theory. These methods divide the power system into distinguished regions to avoid the spread of disturbances and to minimize the interaction between these regions for frequency and voltage control of power system. In case of required active and reactive power for improving the performance of the power system, control can be performed regionally instead of a centralized controller. In this paper, renewable energy sources are connected to the power network to verify the effect of these sources on the power systems partitioning and performance. The number of regions is found based on the frequency sensitivity for frequency partitioning and bus voltage for voltage partitioning to disturbances being applied to loads in each region. The methodology is applied to the north part of Chile power network. The results show the performance and ability of graph frequency and voltage partitioning algorithm to divide large scale power systems to smaller regions for applying decentralized controllers.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

On Multiple Frequency Power Density Measurements

We shall give a priori conditions on the illuminations $\phi_i$ such that the solutions to the Helmholtz equation $-div(a \nabla u^i)-k q u^i=0$ in \Omega, $u^i=\phi_i$ on $\partial\Omega$, and their gradients satisfy certain non-zero and linear independence properties inside the domain \Omega, provided that a finite number of frequencies k are chosen in a fixed range. These conditions are independent of the coefficients, in contrast to the illuminations classically constructed by means of complex geometric optics solutions. This theory finds applications in several hybrid problems, where unknown parameters have to be imaged from internal power density measurements. As an example, we discuss the microwave imaging by ultrasound deformation technique, for which we prove new reconstruction formulae.Comment: 26 pages, 4 figure

Frequency stabilization of a monolithic Nd:YAG ring laser by controlling the power of the laser-diode pump source

The frequency of a 700mW monolithic non-planar Nd:YAG ring laser (NPRO) depends with a large coupling coefficient (some MHz/mW) on the power of its laser-diode pump source. Using this effect we demonstrate the frequency stabilization of an NPRO to a frequency reference by feeding back to the current of its pump diodes. We achieved an error point frequency noise smaller than 1mHz/sqrt(Hz), and simultaneously a reduction of the power noise of the NPRO by 10dB without an additional power stabilization feed-back system.Comment: accepted for publication by Optics Letter

Phase control circuits using frequency multiplications for phased array antennas

A phase control coupling circuit for use with a phased array antenna is described. The coupling circuit includes a combining circuit which is coupled to a transmission line, a frequency multiplier circuit which is coupled to the combining circuit, and a recombining circuit which is coupled between the frequency multiplier circuit and phased array antenna elements. In a doubler embodiment, the frequency multiplier circuit comprises frequency doublers and the combining and recombining circuits comprise four-port hybrid power dividers. In a generalized embodiment, the multiplier circuit comprises frequency multiplier elements which multiply to the Nth power, the combining circuit comprises four-part hybrid power dividers, and the recombinding circuit comprises summing circuits

Frequency and phase modulation performance of an injection-locked CW magnetron.

It is demonstrated that the output of a 2.45-GHz magnetron operated as a current-controlled oscillator through its pushing characteristic can lock to injection signals in times of the order of 100-500 ns depending on injection power, magnetron heater power, load impedance, and frequency offset of the injection frequency from the natural frequency of the magnetron. Accordingly, the magnetron can follow frequency and phase modulations of the injection signal, behaving as a narrow-band amplifier. The transmission of phase-shift-keyed data at 2 Mb/s has been achieved. Measurements of the frequency response and anode current after a switch of phase as a function of average anode current and heater power give new insight into the locking mechanisms and the noise characteristics of magnetrons

Frequency Restoration Reserve Control Scheme with Participation of Industrial Loads

In order to accommodate larger amounts of renewable energy resources, whose power output is inherently unpredictable, there is an increasing need for frequency control power reserves. Loads are already used to provide replacement reserves, i.e. the slowest kind of reserves, in several power systems. This paper proposes a control scheme for frequency restoration reserves with participation of industrial loads. Frequency restoration reserves are required to change their active power within a time frame of tens of seconds to tens of minutes in response to a regulation signal. Industrial loads in many cases already have the capacity and capability to participate in this service. A mapping of their process constraints to power and energy demand is proposed in order to integrate industrial loads in existing control schemes. The proposed control scheme has been implemented in a 74-bus test system. Dynamic simulations show that industrial loads can be successfully integrated into the power system as frequency restoration reserves. © 2013 IEEE

Two-frequency heating technique at the 18 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences

The two-frequency heating technique was studied to increase the beam intensities of highly charged ions provided by the high-voltage extraction configuration (HEC) ion source at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS). The observed dependences on microwave power and frequency suggested that this technique improved plasma stability but it required precise frequency tuning and more microwave power than was available before 2013. Recently, a new, high-power (1200 W) wide bandwidth (17.1-18.5 GHz) travelling-wave-tube amplifier (TWTA) was installed. After some single tests with klystron and TWT amplifiers the simultaneous injection of the two microwaves has been successfully realized. The dependence of highly charged ions (HCI) currents on the superposed microwave power was studied by changing only the output power of one of the two amplifiers, alternatively. While operating the klystron on its fixed 18.0 GHz, the frequency of the TWTA was swept within its full limits (17.1-18.5 GHz), and the effect of this frequency on the HCI-production rate was examined under several operation conditions. As an overall result, new beam records of highly charged argon, krypton, and xenon beams were obtained at the NIRS-HEC ion source by this high-power two-frequency operation mode