High efficiency multifrequency feed

Antenna systems and particularly compact and simple antenna feeds which can transmit and receive simultaneously in at least three frequency bands, each with high efficiency and polarization diversity are described. The feed system is applicable for frequency bands having nominal frequency bands with the ratio 1:4:6. By way of example, satellite communications telemetry bands operate in frequency bands 0.8 - 1.0 GHz, 3.7 - 4.2 GHz and 5.9 - 6.4 GHz. In addition, the antenna system of the invention has monopulse capability for reception with circular or diverse polarization at frequency band 1

PENGARUH SUBTITUSI TEPUNG IKAN DENGAN TEPUNG KEONG MAS (Pomaceae canaliculata) PADA PAKAN TERHADAP RASIO KONVERSI PAKAN, RETENSI PROTEIN DAN RASIO EFISIENSI PROTEIN IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariepinus)

This research executed in laboratory indoor faculty of husbanry - fishery in university muhammadiyah of Malang on 1 - 28 Decembers 2008. Intention of this research to know substitution influence of flour keong fish with flour keong mas ( Pomacea canaliculata) at feed to feed conversion ratio, retention of protein and fish protein efficiency ratio lele dumbo ( Clarias gariepinus). Method applied is experiment method and design of experiments applied is completely randomized design ( RAL) with 5 treatment that is: comparison of substitution of flour keong mas with fish meal is p1 0 % : 100 %, p2 25 % : 75 %, p3 50 % : 50 %, p4 75 % : 25 %, p5 100 : 0 % and each repeated 3 times. Result of research shows flour keong mas as substitution of fish gives result influential very real to feed conversion ratio ( FCR), retention of protein ( RP) and protein efficiency ratio ( REP) fish lele dumbo ( Clarias gariepinus). Test result bnt ( smallest reality difference) feed conversion ratio of fish lele dumbo shows treatment p1, p2 and p3 differs in to treatment of p4 and p5. Treatment of p2 yields ratio value fcr is low by 2,68. Test result bnt for retention of fish protein lele dumbo shows treatment p1, p2 and p3 differs in to treatment of p4 and p5. Treatment of p2 yields retention value of highest protein equal to 43,19%. test result bnt feed efficiency ratio shows treatment p1, p2 and p3 differs in to treatment of p4 and p5. treatment of p2 shows value is highest 1,25 %. Level of survival rate at treatment of p1 equal to 93,33%, treatment of p2 equal to 90%, treatment of p3 and p5 83,33 and treatment of p4 equal to 80%. To obtain maximum result at feed conversion ratio, retention of protein and protein efficiency ratio and can cost effective feed production better apply is feed with substitution of flour keong mas equal to 50%

The eleven antenna: a compact low-profile decade bandwidth dual polarized feed for reflector antennas

A novel dual polarized ultrawide-band (UWB) feed with a decade bandwidth is presented for use in both single and dual reflector antennas. The feed has nearly constant beam width and 11 dBi directivity over at least a decade bandwidth. The feed gives an aperture efficiency of the reflector of 66% or better over a decade bandwidth when the subtended angle toward the sub or main reflector is about 53°, and an overall efficiency better than 47% including mismatch. The return loss is better than 5 dB over a decade bandwidth. The calculated results have been verified with measurements on a linearly polarized lab model. The feed has no balun as it is intended to be integrated with an active 180° balun and receiver. The feed is referred to as the Eleven antenna because its basic configuration is two parallel dipoles 0.5 wavelengths apart and because it can be used over more than a decade bandwidth with 11 dBi directivity. We also believe that 11 dB return loss is achievable in the near future

Organic versus conventional dairy farming – studies from the Öjebyn Project

This report was presented at the UK Organic Research 2002 Conference. A study (the Öjebyn Project) was conducted to determine differences between organic and conventional dairy farming systems. Comparisons of feed intake, milk production, live weight (LW), feed efficiency and animal health were conducted, based on records from 145 dairy cows (238 parities). A lower daily metabolisable energy (ME) intake, lower milk yield and a higher protein content were recorded in the organic herd during the first ten weeks of lactation. No differences were recorded between the systems in either average total DM intake or efficiency of feed conversion, calculated as MJ of feed/kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM). There were a trend to lower LW change and better health in the organic herd. Most differences between the systems were recorded during the early lactation period

A non-thermal soldering technique to improve polymer based antenna performance

Copyright @ 2010 EuMCA non-thermal soldering technique using cold solder or electrically conductive epoxy for connecting SMA connectors to polymer based antennas is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique prevents damage to the polymer due to the solder iron heat and also the loss of efficiency through the use of indirect connections of the coaxial feed via copper pads glued to the antenna. The direct connection of the feed points via SMA connectors on to a transparent antenna designed on AgHT-8 material has been demonstrated. The method can also be applied to solder the coaxial feed points directly to the antenna instead of using copper pads which will introduce additional reflection losses. The technique involves the use of colder soldering instead of hot soldering so as to not damage the polymer based antenna as well as improve the efficiency of the antenna

Methane emissions from dairy heifers as affected by residual feed intake and breed : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand

Figures 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.2 & 3.3 have been removed for copyright reasons, but may be accessed via their sources listed in the References. Chapter 4 has been published as an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/): Flay, H. E., Kuhn-Sherlock, B., Macdonald, K. A., Camara, M., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Donaghy, D. J., & Roche, J. R. (2019). Hot topic: Selecting cattle for low residual feed intake did not affect daily methane production but increased methane yield. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(3), 2708–2713. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15234Reducing methane (CH4) emissions without reducing milk production requires an improvement in feed conversion efficiency: that is an animal’s efficiency in utilising feed for maintenance and production. Residual feed intake (RFI) is one measure of feed conversion efficiency; it can be defined as the difference between an animal’s actual intake and its predicted intake based on its metabolic size and productivity. More efficient animals eat less than predicted (low RFI); inefficient animals eat more (high RFI). Enteric CH4 is an important source of digestible energy loss in ruminants, and research in beef cattle has reported a positive relationship between RFI and daily CH4 production. Jersey (Jer) cows have also been reported to be more feed efficient than Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows. Thus, I hypothesized that high feed efficient (low RFI) animals would emit less CH4 than the lower efficiency (high RFI) animals, and that Jer heifers would have lower CH4 yield than HF heifers. I measured the CH4 emissions of 56 growing dairy heifers (20-22 mo old) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: factors included two breeds (HF and Jer; n=28/breed) and two previously determined RFI categories (low RFI; -2.1 kg DM and high RFI; +2.0 kg DM; n=28/RFI category). All heifers were co-mingled and offered the same diet of dried lucerne cubes. Between RFI categories, heifers did not differ in body weight (BW) or BW gain (BWg); but low RFI heifers had 9.3% and 10.6% lower dry matter intake (DMI) and DMI/kg BW, respectively, than high RFI heifers. Similarly, RFI category did not affect CH4/d or CH4/kg BWg; but, CH4/kg DMI was greater in low RFI heifers because of their lower DMI. These results might reflect more complete digestion of ingested feed in more efficient, low RFI heifers, consistent with previous reports of greater apparent digestibility of organic matter. Breed did not affect DMI/kg BW or BWg; Jersey heifers produced less CH4/d, but not CH4/kg DMI or CH4/kg BWg. In conclusion, selecting dairy heifers for low RFI is unlikely to affect daily CH4 production (g/d), but may increase CH4 yield (g/kg DMI)

The theory of the scattering-induced feeding-in in bent crystals

An analytical theory for the efficiency of scattering-induced transitions from a random to a channeled state (feed-in) in bent crystals is derived. The predictions from the theory are in good agreement with experiment and Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: 6 page

Nutrient Digestibility and Productivity of Bali Cattle Fed Fermented Hymenachne Amplexia­calis Based Rations Supplemented with Leucaena Leucocephala

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf supplementation in fermented kumpai grass (Hymenachne amplexia­calis) based rations on the productivity of Bali cattle. Variables measured were dry matter and organic matter intakes, nutrient digestibility (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fiber), body weight gain, and feed efficiency. The types of rations were: Ration A= 45% fermented kumpai grass + 40% benggala grass + 15% concentrate + 0% lamtoro leaf, Ration B= 45% fermented kumpai grass + 30% benggala grass + 15% concentrate + 10% lamtoro leaf, Ration C= 45% fermented kumpai grass + 20% benggala grass + 15% concentrate + 20% lamtoro leaf, and Ration D= 45% fermented kumpai grass + 10% benggala grass + 15% concentrate + 30% lamtoro leaf. The supplementation of lamtoro leaf up to 30% into the ration could increase (P<0.05) dry matter and organic matter intakes, and crude protein digestibility. The highest body weight gain and feed efficiency were found in Bali cattle fed ration with 20% lamtoro leaf supplementation. The level of lamtoro leaf supplementation in the ration did not affect the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude fiber. It was concluded that the supplementation of lamtoro leaf in the ration could increase dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein intakes. Addition of 20% lamtoro leaf gave the best effect on the increased body weight gain and feed efficiency in Bali cattle

Genetics of feed intake and efficiency in grazing dairy cows : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science

Feed efficiency in dairy cows is widely acknowledged as a highly desirable characteristic to improve because of its well-documented impact on production costs. Traditional measures of feed efficiency have used ratio traits, specifically energy conversion efficiency, but these have undesirable statistical properties. Alternative measures of feed efficiency are those based on the residuals from regression-type statistical models, the most common of which is residual energy intake (REI). Residual energy intake is defined as the difference between actual and predicted intake and is usually derived from least squares regression models. The general objective of this thesis was to quantify phenotypic and genetic (co)variances between the feed intake complex, performance, and fertility traits in lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. A total of 8,199 feed intake records from 2,693 lactations on 1,412 grazing lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows from experimental farms were used. Several alternative efficiency definitions were developed, each with their own respective strengths and weaknesses. Exploitable genetic variation was demonstrated to exist for the range of alternative efficiency traits, and the magnitude of this variation was sufficiently large to justify consideration of the feed efficiency complex in future dairy breeding goals. The heritability estimates for the different efficiency traits estimated using repeatability models varied from 0.06 to 0.21. Variance components, however, differed across lactation when estimated using random regression models; for example, the heritability of REI varied from 0.04 (34 DIM) to 0.11 (280 DIM) across lactation. Phenotypic correlations among many traits including REI and energy balance (EB) differed not only by stage of lactation but also by cow parity. Moderate to strong genetic correlations existed between REI and EB across lactation (ranging from 0.45 to 0.90). Albeit associated with large standard errors, estimated genetic correlations between feed efficiency and reproductive performance were either neutral or favourable suggesting greater genetic merit for feed efficiency does not appear to be antagonistically genetically correlated with reproductive performance. Selection index calculations using the current economic weights in the Irish Economic Breeding Index, and genetic (co)variances estimated in this thesis, indicate that the inclusion of REI in the index with an economic weight of €0.078/UFL will generate animals with improved REI

Effects of frequency and period of feeding on growth and feed utilisation in two Asian catfishes, Pangasius bocourti (Sauvage, 1880) and Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)

Feeding to satiation in P. bocourti, resulted in higher growth with increased meal frequency. However, growth performance of two-meal or three-meal feeding was not significantly different at all. Moreover, feeding three meals a day led fish to consume a relatively higher amount of feed than fish administered two meals a day. When compared feed intake of the feeding at 12:00 to those of the feeding at 17:00, P. bocourti tends to take more food at 17:00 feeding, even though both feedings had the same interval between meals. It is obvious that besides feeding frequency, feeding time is an important factor affecting increased feed intake in P. bocourti when they were subjected to feed to satiation. When fed an equal fixed ration, P. bocouni and P. hypophthalmus had growth performance and feed efficiency which did not alter so much with increased meal frequency. However, one-meal feeding in the morning resulted in a lower growth and reduced feed utilisation than multiple feeding treatments. The reduced growth and lower feed utilisation here were apparently caused by feeding period rather than by frequency effect, since one-meal feeding during the night gave the same growth and feed efficiency as other feeding regimes in the night-time. Therefore, feeding in early morning resulted in lower feed intake and reduced assimilation efficiency as well. Moreover, feeding period during the night exhibits a higher growth and better feed efficiency than diurnal feeding in both species. Increased meal frequency and nocturnal feeding of an equal fixed ration usually resulted in a relatively higher fat deposition in both species with a higher adipose-somatic and hepato-somatic index. When combined data of feeding during the day and during the night, it showed that continuous feeding in P. bocourti and P. hypophthalmus led to a significantly lower growth performance and reduced feed efficiency than fractionated feeding. In addition, when fed a continuous regime, P. bocourti had a significantly higher coefficient of variation of final weight than other fractionated feedings