PENGARUH SUBTITUSI TEPUNG IKAN DENGAN TEPUNG KEONG MAS (Pomaceae canaliculata) PADA PAKAN TERHADAP RASIO KONVERSI PAKAN, RETENSI PROTEIN DAN RASIO EFISIENSI PROTEIN IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariepinus)

This research executed in laboratory indoor faculty of husbanry - fishery in university muhammadiyah of Malang on 1 - 28 Decembers 2008. Intention of this research to know substitution influence of flour keong fish with flour keong mas ( Pomacea canaliculata) at feed to feed conversion ratio, retention of protein and fish protein efficiency ratio lele dumbo ( Clarias gariepinus). Method applied is experiment method and design of experiments applied is completely randomized design ( RAL) with 5 treatment that is: comparison of substitution of flour keong mas with fish meal is p1 0 % : 100 %, p2 25 % : 75 %, p3 50 % : 50 %, p4 75 % : 25 %, p5 100 : 0 % and each repeated 3 times. Result of research shows flour keong mas as substitution of fish gives result influential very real to feed conversion ratio ( FCR), retention of protein ( RP) and protein efficiency ratio ( REP) fish lele dumbo ( Clarias gariepinus). Test result bnt ( smallest reality difference) feed conversion ratio of fish lele dumbo shows treatment p1, p2 and p3 differs in to treatment of p4 and p5. Treatment of p2 yields ratio value fcr is low by 2,68. Test result bnt for retention of fish protein lele dumbo shows treatment p1, p2 and p3 differs in to treatment of p4 and p5. Treatment of p2 yields retention value of highest protein equal to 43,19%. test result bnt feed efficiency ratio shows treatment p1, p2 and p3 differs in to treatment of p4 and p5. treatment of p2 shows value is highest 1,25 %. Level of survival rate at treatment of p1 equal to 93,33%, treatment of p2 equal to 90%, treatment of p3 and p5 83,33 and treatment of p4 equal to 80%. To obtain maximum result at feed conversion ratio, retention of protein and protein efficiency ratio and can cost effective feed production better apply is feed with substitution of flour keong mas equal to 50%

Preliminary investigation on growth responses of Cyprinus carpio L. fed on locally formulated artificial diets

The growth rate and feed conversion ratios of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio were measured for five test diets in 14-day replicate laboratory studies. The young carp were fed with artificial test diets with crude protein contents ranging from 14.50 to 21.42 per cent. Within this range of feed characteristic optimum growth rates were obtained with diets containing 20.25 and 21.42 per cent crude protein. The study of the effect of varying ration levels showed that growth rates increased with increases of ration size, but the food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratios decreased markedly as ration size was increase

Organic versus conventional dairy farming – studies from the Öjebyn Project

This report was presented at the UK Organic Research 2002 Conference. A study (the Öjebyn Project) was conducted to determine differences between organic and conventional dairy farming systems. Comparisons of feed intake, milk production, live weight (LW), feed efficiency and animal health were conducted, based on records from 145 dairy cows (238 parities). A lower daily metabolisable energy (ME) intake, lower milk yield and a higher protein content were recorded in the organic herd during the first ten weeks of lactation. No differences were recorded between the systems in either average total DM intake or efficiency of feed conversion, calculated as MJ of feed/kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM). There were a trend to lower LW change and better health in the organic herd. Most differences between the systems were recorded during the early lactation period

Pemberian Pakan Yang Difermentasikan Dengan Probiotik Untuk Pemeliharaan Ikan Lele Dumbo (Clarias Gariepinus) Pada Teknologi Bioflok Feed Fermented Using Probiotic for African Catfish in Biofloc Technology

This study aimed to determine the effect of feeding fermented with probiotic on, absolute body weight, absolute body length, specific growth rate, survival, feed efficiency and feed conversion rate of African catfish preserved biofloc techniques. The treatment in this study was the dose used for the fermentation of feed are 2 ml / kg (P1), 4 ml / kg (P2), 6 ml / kg (P3), and control (feed without fermented). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. 4-5 cm catfish were kept in the plastic tank with stocking density of 500 fish/m3 for 56 days. The fish are fed three times a day at satiation. The results showed fermented feed with probiotic on biofloc system affect absolute body weight, absolute length, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and feed conversion rate of african catfish significantly, but did not affect survival rate. The best treatment was obtained from P3 which gives absolute body weight of 110.09 grams, absolute body length of 15.51 cm, specific growth rate of 8.03%, 92.62% survival rate, feed efficiency 117.22%, as well as feed conversion of 0.85

Potentials of castor seed meal (Ricinus communis L.) as feed ingredient for Oreochromis niloticus

The potentials of castor seed (Ricinus communis) meal as feed ingredient for Oreochromis niloticus was determined by using boiled seeds to prepare five diets which were fed to the fish species. The effects of the experimental diets on the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent net protein utilization, digestibility and carcass composition were investigated. The best of these growth factors were obtained with feed formulated from R. communis seeds boiled for 50 and 65 minutes. The highest carcass protein content was observed with fish fed with 65 minute-boiled seed

Protein synthesis and degradation gene SNPs related to feed intake, feed efficiency, growth, and ultrasound carcass traits in Nellore cattle.

We looked for possible associations of SNPs in genes related to protein turnover, with growth, feed efficiency and carcass traits in feedlot Nellore cattle. Purebred Nellore bulls and steers (N = 290; 378 ± 42 kg body weight, 23 months ± 42 days old) were evaluated for daily feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), gross feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio, partial efficiency of growth, residual feed intake (RFI), ultrasound backfat, rump fat, and ribeye area

Methane emissions from dairy heifers as affected by residual feed intake and breed : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand

Figures 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.2 & 3.3 have been removed for copyright reasons, but may be accessed via their sources listed in the References. Chapter 4 has been published as an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/): Flay, H. E., Kuhn-Sherlock, B., Macdonald, K. A., Camara, M., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Donaghy, D. J., & Roche, J. R. (2019). Hot topic: Selecting cattle for low residual feed intake did not affect daily methane production but increased methane yield. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(3), 2708–2713. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15234Reducing methane (CH4) emissions without reducing milk production requires an improvement in feed conversion efficiency: that is an animal’s efficiency in utilising feed for maintenance and production. Residual feed intake (RFI) is one measure of feed conversion efficiency; it can be defined as the difference between an animal’s actual intake and its predicted intake based on its metabolic size and productivity. More efficient animals eat less than predicted (low RFI); inefficient animals eat more (high RFI). Enteric CH4 is an important source of digestible energy loss in ruminants, and research in beef cattle has reported a positive relationship between RFI and daily CH4 production. Jersey (Jer) cows have also been reported to be more feed efficient than Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows. Thus, I hypothesized that high feed efficient (low RFI) animals would emit less CH4 than the lower efficiency (high RFI) animals, and that Jer heifers would have lower CH4 yield than HF heifers. I measured the CH4 emissions of 56 growing dairy heifers (20-22 mo old) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: factors included two breeds (HF and Jer; n=28/breed) and two previously determined RFI categories (low RFI; -2.1 kg DM and high RFI; +2.0 kg DM; n=28/RFI category). All heifers were co-mingled and offered the same diet of dried lucerne cubes. Between RFI categories, heifers did not differ in body weight (BW) or BW gain (BWg); but low RFI heifers had 9.3% and 10.6% lower dry matter intake (DMI) and DMI/kg BW, respectively, than high RFI heifers. Similarly, RFI category did not affect CH4/d or CH4/kg BWg; but, CH4/kg DMI was greater in low RFI heifers because of their lower DMI. These results might reflect more complete digestion of ingested feed in more efficient, low RFI heifers, consistent with previous reports of greater apparent digestibility of organic matter. Breed did not affect DMI/kg BW or BWg; Jersey heifers produced less CH4/d, but not CH4/kg DMI or CH4/kg BWg. In conclusion, selecting dairy heifers for low RFI is unlikely to affect daily CH4 production (g/d), but may increase CH4 yield (g/kg DMI)

Effects of dietary salbutamol on growth and carcass composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) (Walbaum) : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Physiology) at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Salbutamol, a β2 adrenergic agonist, has been shown to reduce carcass fat and increase muscle mass and improve feed conversion efficiency in pigs. In the present study, the effects of dietary salbutamol at 20 ppm on growth, feed conversion efficiency, carcass recovery, visceral organ weight, and whole carcass composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were studied. Rainbow trout (eighteen months old; average initial weight 324.0±0.4 g) were fed either the control or control + 20 ppm salbutamol diet for four weeks in a completely randomized design. Fish were weighed at the start and termination of the study, and records of feed intake were maintained. Carcasses were analyzed for protein, fat and ash at the start and completion of the four weeks feeding period. Dietary salbutamol had no adverse effect on fish mortality, health or feed intake. Dietary salbutamol had no effect (p>0.10) on growth, feed intake or feed conversion efficiency of rainbow trout. Internal organ weights such as liver, heart, gonads and viscero-somatic index and hepato-somatic index were also not affected (p>0.10) by dietary salbutamol. Interestingly, kidney weight was significantly (p<0.01) increased by salbutamol. However, it is unlikely that salbutamol directly increased the kidney weight. Increased metabolic load on kidney and blood flow to the kidney could be reasons for increased kidney weight. Although the final weight and the growth rate were not affected by salbutamol, the carcass recovery was significantly higher (p<0.01) in salbutamol treated trout. Whole carcass protein content of both treated and control fish showed no significant differences and clearly reflected the normal allometric growth and body composition. It was concluded that dietary salbutamol at 20 ppm level had no repartitioning effect in growing rainbow trout. The effects of salbutamol at various doses in more mature rainbow trout need to be studied in future studies

Growth performance of Heteroclarias fed maggot meal at varying inclusion levels

70-day growth trial was conducted with Heteroclarias: Heterobranchus bidorsalis X Clarias gariepinus (mean weight 0.64~c0.006g) fed diets based on various inclusion levels of Maggot Meal. The fishmeal in the control diet was replaced with maggot meals at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels to supply 40% crude protein in the final diets. The trails were conducted in glass tanks (60cmx30cmx30cm). Evaluation of growth parameters and nutrient utilization of the fish was based on weight gains, protein intake, protein efficiency ratio, net protein utilization, feed conversion efficiency and carcass analysis. Best growth and feed conversion efficiency were obtained with the 75% dietary inclusion of maggot meal. There was no significant differences (P>0.055) between the group of fish on 50% and 75% dietary inclusion maggot meal in growth performance and protein efficiency ratio but, there was a significant (P<0.05) difference in the NPU (Net Protein Utilization) and protein gain between the control diet and those fed on maggot meals. There was no marked variation in the survival rate of fish on all diet