1,556 research outputs found
Presenting and predicating lower events
The effects of different forms of predication have been insightfully (and almost exclusively) studied for 'simple' cases of predication, of which the 'presentational sentence' is maybe the paradigm instantiation. It is the aim of this paper to show that thc same kind of effects as well as in fact the same kind of structures are present at embedded levels in thematically and otherwise more complex structures. Beyond presentational sentences, 'unaccusative' experiencing constructions involving a dative subject, 'double object constructions' and - to a lesser extent - spraylload constructions are discussed. For all of these, it is argued that they comprise a predication encoding the ascription of a transient temporal property to a location. On this basis, a proposal is made as to how the scope asymmetry between the two arguments involved in the colistructions can be explained. Furthermore, a proposal is made as to how what has been called 'argument shift' is motivated
The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution
The alphaviruses are a genus of 26 enveloped viruses that cause disease in humans and domestic animals. Mosquitoes or other hematophagous arthropods serve as vectors for these viruses. The complete sequences of the +/- 11.7-kb plus-strand RNA genomes of eight alphaviruses have been determined, and partial sequences are known for several others; this has made possible evolutionary comparisons between different alphaviruses as well as comparisons of this group of viruses with other animal and plant viruses. Full-length cDNA clones from which infectious RNA can be recovered have been constructed for four alphaviruses; these clones have facilitated many molecular genetic studies as well as the development of these viruses as expression vectors. From these and studies involving biochemical approaches, many details of the replication cycle of the alphaviruses are known. The interactions of the viruses with host cells and host organisms have been exclusively studied, and the molecular basis of virulence and recovery from viral infection have been addressed in a large number of recent papers. The structure of the viruses has been determined to about 2.5 nm, making them the best-characterized enveloped virus to date. Because of the wealth of data that has appeared, these viruses represent a well-characterized system that tell us much about the evolution of RNA viruses, their replication, and their interactions with their hosts. This review summarizes our current knowledge of this group of viruses
Hot bubbles of planetary nebulae with hydrogen-deficient winds I. Heat conduction in a chemically stratified plasma
Heat conduction has been found a plausible solution to explain discrepancies
between expected and measured temperatures in hot bubbles of planetary nebulae
(PNe). While the heat conduction process depends on the chemical composition,
to date it has been exclusively studied for pure hydrogen plasmas in PNe. A
smaller population of PNe show hydrogen-deficient and helium- and
carbon-enriched surfaces surrounded by bubbles of the same composition;
considerable differences are expected in physical properties of these objects
in comparison to the pure hydrogen case. The aim of this study is to explore
how a chemistry-dependent formulation of the heat conduction affects physical
properties and how it affects the X-ray emission from PN bubbles of
hydrogen-deficient stars. We extend the description of heat conduction in our
radiation hydrodynamics code to work with any chemical composition. We then
compare the bubble-formation process with a representative PN model using both
the new and the old descriptions. We also compare differences in the resulting
X-ray temperature and luminosity observables of the two descriptions. The
improved equations show that the heat conduction in our representative model of
a hydrogen-deficient PN is nearly as efficient with the chemistry-dependent
description; a lower value on the diffusion coefficient is compensated by a
slightly steeper temperature gradient. The bubble becomes somewhat hotter with
the improved equations, but differences are otherwise minute. The observable
properties of the bubble in terms of the X-ray temperature and luminosity are
seemingly unaffected.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures, A&A in pres
Uncovering interactive book reading processes in first and second grade : a closer look into children’s input and interaction patterns
Being proficiently literate is essential to participate successfully in today’s information society. Interactive book reading (IBR) has been proven to be one of the most enduring and effective methods to foster children’s language and literacy development. Both the frequency and the quality of children’s contributions during IBR-activities are expected to be strongly related to language and literacy development (e.g. Dickinson & Tabors, 2001). Nevertheless, analysis of the available empirical literature on IBR reveals that the microstructure of this stimulating literacy activity was almost exclusively studied from the perspective of the adult’s input (e.g. Gonzales et al., 2014). Children’s input and adult/child interaction patterns during IBR remain underexplored.
Therefore, this study aims at disclosing both adult/child and peer interactions during IBR for first and second graders. 600 minutes of video-taped IBR-activity were divided in utterances as unit of analyses and coded using a theory-driven integrated coding-scheme focusing on the core components of IBR (e.g. Mol et al., 2009; van Kleeck et al., 1997): (a) asking questions, (b) hinting, (c) expounding vocabulary, (d) explaining content, (e) illustrating images, (f) linking experiences, (g) indicating book conventions, and (h) clarifying print knowledge. 20% of the utterances were double coded by two independent trained coders resulting in a good overall agreement (Îş=.84, p <.00).
The presentation will report on analyses regarding the core components of IBR, whereby interaction patterns between adults and children and between children reciprocally are uncovered. Implications for teaching practice and further research optimizing IBR will be discussed
Selective exposure to populist communication:How attitudinal congruence drives the effects of populist attributions of blame
Although it has been argued that populist communication only appeals to a specific audience, extant research has exclusively studied the effects of populist communication in forced-exposure media environments. Responding to this discrepancy, we conducted two experiments (N = 562 and N = 558) in which we manipulated the core idea of populist messages—attributing blame—in forced and selective exposure media environments. Our results demonstrate that citizens higher in relative deprivation are most likely to select populist messages. Irrespective of selective exposure, citizens’ populist attitudes are only positively affected if the populist message is congruent with their prior feelings of relative deprivation. These results provide important insights for the polarizing potential of media populism in a fragmented media environment
The Roulette Near-Miss Effect
The near-miss effect has been repeated documented in the published literature as a variable that impacts gambling behavior. The effect, however, has been almost exclusively studied using slot machines. The present investigation sought to explore the effect of almost winning while playing roulette. When 28 participants were given the opportunity to play roulette and rate the closeness to wins after every trial, ratings varied as a function of numerical value between number bet and number won for most players. These results extend the findings that almost winning (e.g., a near-miss effect) is present for the game of roulette and defines the parameters of such an effect. Implications for the treatment of pathological gamblers are presented
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