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From Broad-Spectrum Biocides to Quorum Sensing Disruptors and Mussel Repellents: Antifouling Profile of Alkyl Triphenylphosphonium Salts
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credited‘Onium’ compounds, including ammonium and phosphonium salts, have been employed as
antiseptics and disinfectants. These cationic biocides have been incorporated into multiple
materials, principally to avoid bacterial attachment. In this work, we selected 20 alkyl-triphenylphosphonium
salts, differing mainly in the length and functionalization of their alkyl
chains, in fulfilment of two main objectives: 1) to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the
antifouling profile of these molecules with relevant marine fouling organisms; and 2) to shed
new light on their potential applications, beyond their classic use as broad-spectrum biocides.
In this regard, we demonstrate for the first time that these compounds are also able to
act as non-toxic quorum sensing disruptors in two different bacterial models (Chromobacterium
violaceum and Vibrio harveyi) as well as repellents in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.
In addition, their inhibitory activity on a fouling-relevant enzymatic model (tyrosinase)
is characterized. An analysis of the structure-activity relationships of these compounds for
antifouling purposes is provided, which may result useful in the design of targeted antifouling
solutions with these molecules. Altogether, the findings reported herein provide a different
perspective on the biological activities of phosphonium compounds that is particularly
focused on, but, as the reader will realize, is not limited to their use as antifouling agentsThis study was supported by the Spanish
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (http://
www.mineco.gob.es/), SAF2011-28883-C03-01 (JJF),
CTQ2011-28417-C02-01/BQU (VSM), AGL2010-
16464 (JMFB), MAT2013-40852-R (FL); Spanish
Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (http://www.
mecd.gob.es/portada-mecd/), CEI 10/00018 (MN)Peer reviewe