Effects of decreased anthropogenic food availability on an opportunistic gull: evidence for a size-mediated response in breeding females

Some opportunistic vertebrates exploit, and may largely rely upon, food generated by human activities. Better understanding the influence of this additional anthropogenic food on species' ecology would inform sustainable waste management. In the Balearic Archipelago of Spain, closure of an open-air landfill site provided an experimental setting to measure the effect of removing anthropogenic food on the average body mass, breeding parameters and body condition of opportunistic Yellow-legged Gulls Larus michahellis. After landfill closure there was a significant decline in the average body mass of breeding females and males (¿10.4 and ¿7.8%, respectively), in average egg volume (¿4.8%), and a shift in the modal clutch size from three to two eggs. Body condition decreased after landfill closure in both sexes. In breeding females, the drop in body weight was greater for birds with a low body size index. The differential response to a reduction of anthropogenic food between small and large birds suggests that food of anthropogenic origin contributes to tempering the effects of natural selection, making the long-term demographic effects of changes in food supply difficult to predict.Funds were partially provided by the Regional Government of Balearic Islands and FEDER funding. E.C.S. was supported by the Lanier Honour Scholarship, part of the Cornelius Vanderbilt Program at Vanderbilt UinversityPeer Reviewe