New insights on speleoseismology: The geothermal gradient and heat flow values in caves for the study of active faults

Normally in paleoseismology, the study of the tectonic slip-rate is performed in trenches on the fault scarp, or by the estimation of fault movements from the geomorphic features. In this work, we have carried out a paleoseismic analysis of the Benis Fault, located in southeast Spain, combined with a geothermal analysis inside a deep cave related to the fault (−350 m). Thus, we have estimated the last earthquake magnitude and time of occurrence from evidence of ceiling collapse and displaced carbonate blocks inside a cave, which is developed across the fault. The magnitude was obtained from the application of the empirical relationship of the fault parameters and coseismic vertical displacement, yielding a value ranging between M 5.9 and M 6.5. Moreover, we dated this paleoearthquake by the paleontological record of a “Lynx pardinus spelaea”, with an age of 65 ± 18 ka BP. Additionally, we have measured the thermal profile of the Benis Cave (−350 m of depth), from single rock point temperature measurements during 2 years. The temperature profile shows three different parts inside the cave, the shallow heterogeneous thermal zone till 50 m depth; the homogeneous thermal zone 150 m till with constant temperature and the hetero-thermal deep zone, deeper than 150 m and till the deepest zone (350 m). Furthermore, we have estimated the Vertical Geothermal Gradient, 1.85 °C/100 m for the deepest zone (−150; −290 m). The temperature increases with depth, showing a reverse thermal profile in comparison with normal gradients in deep caves. Finally, we have calculated the heat flux of 0.46 mWm.This work is a contribution of the Spanish projects SISMOSIMA CGL2013-47412-C2-2-P and CGL2015-67169-P (QTETCSPAIN-USAL), granted by the MINECO-FEDER Spanish Ministry.Peer Reviewe