Consumption of Two Healthy Dietary Patterns Restored Microbiota Dysbiosis in Obese Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction

[Scope] The consumption of two healthy diets (Mediterranean (MED) and low‐fat (LF) diets) may restore the gut microbiome dysbiosis in obese patients depending on the degree of metabolic dysfunction.[Methods and results] The differences in bacterial community at baseline and after 2 years of dietary intervention of 106 subjects from the CORDIOPREV study were analyzed, 33 of whom were obese patients with severe metabolic disease (5 criteria for metabolic syndrome) (MetS‐OB), 32 obese patients without metabolic dysfunction (2 or less criteria for metabolic syndrome) (NonMetS‐OB) and 41 non‐obese subjects (NonMetS‐NonOB). Our study showed a marked dysbiosis in people with severe metabolic disease (Met‐OB), compared with obese people without MetS (NonMetS‐OB) and non‐obese people (NonMetS‐NonOB). This disbiotic pattern was reversed by consumption of both MED (35% of calories as fat (22% MUFA fat, 6% PUFA fat and <10% saturated fat) or LF (<30% total fat (<10% saturated fat, 12%–14% MUFA fat and 6–8% PUFA fat) diets, whereas no significant microbiota changes were observed in NonMetS‐NonOB and NonMetS‐OB groups.[Conclusion] Our results suggest that the chronic intake of two healthy dietary patterns partially restores the gut microbiome dysbiosis in obese patients with coronary heart disease, depending on the degree of metabolic dysfunction.The CORDIOPREV study is supported by the Fundación Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero, Junta de Andalucía (Consejería de Salud, Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca, Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa), Diputaciones de Jaén y Córdoba, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación sobre Aceite de Oliva y Salud and Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Medio Rural y Marino, Gobierno de España. The CIBEROBN is an initiative of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. It was also partly supported by research grants from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2012/39615, PIE14/00005, and PIE 14/00031 to J.L.‐M.; AGL2015/‐67896‐P to J.L.‐M. and A.C.; CP14/00114 to A.C.; FIS PI13/00023 to J.D.‐L.; FIS PI13/00185 to P. P.‐M.; PI13/00619 to F. P.‐J.; FIS PI16/01777 to P. P.‐M. and F. P.‐J.); Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa, Proyectos de Investigación de Excelencia, Junta de Andalucía (CVI‐7450 to J. L.‐M.); Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). A. C. is supported by an ISCIII research contract, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Programa Miguel‐Servet CP14/00114).Peer reviewe