Pemanfaatan Chitosan darimLimbah Udang (Penaneusmerquensis) sebagai Adsorben Ion Logam Krom.

Di Indonesia udang diekspor dalam bentuk bekuannya melalui proses "cold storage". Akibat proses tersebut akan diperoleh hasil sainping berupa kepala, kulit, dan kaki yang merupakan iimbah. Kulit dan kepala udang (Penaneus merguensis) mengandung chitin yang dapat ditrasformasi menjadi chitosan. Chitosan dimanfaatkan sebagai adsorben ion logam dengan membentuk kompleks chitosan-ion logam. Pada penelitian ini ditentukan daya adsorbsi chitosan terhadap krom (VI) dengan metode AAS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa chitosan yang diperoleh mempunyai kadar air 4,58 %, kadar abu 1,35 %, dan titik leleh 204-205 °C. Daya adsorbsi chitosan terhadap krom (VI) ditentukan dengan variasi waktu 20, 40, 60, 80, dan 100 menit pada pH = 5 dan pH = 4, dan 10, 20, 30, dan 40 menit pada pH = 3. Dari hasil pengukuran diketahui bahwa pada waktu 40 menit pada pH = 4, chitosan memberikan daya adsorbsi terbesar yaitu 69,4445 mg/g atau 29,83 %. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa chitosan dari limbah udang dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben ion logam horn (VI). In Indonesia shrimp is exported in the frozen form by cold storage process. This process produces waste head, shell, and Legs of shirimps as by-products. Shell and head of shrimp (Penaneus merguensis) contain chitin that can be transformed to, chitosan. Chitosan is used as metal ion adsorben by forming a chitosan-metal complex. This research was conducted to measure adsorption capacity of chitosan on chrome hexavalence by using AAS method. The results showed that chitosan obtained contained 4.58 % water, 1.35 % ash, and possesed melting point at 264-265 °C. Adsorption capacity of chitosan on hexavalence chrome was measured with time variation at 20, 40, 60, 80, dan 100 minutes at pH = 5 and pH = 4, and 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes at pH = 3. From the measurement, it is know that at 40 minutes and pH = 4, chitosan exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity namely 69A445 mg/g or 29.83 %. From the research it can be concluded that chitosan from shrimp shell can be used as chrome (VI) ion adsorbent. i

A COMPLEX SURFACE FORMATION MODEL ON CHITOSAN ADSORPTION TO METALS

The aim of the first year research is: to predict a complex surface formation between chitosan and metal ions. This prediction is according to the plot adsorptive capacity and the bonding tendency between chitosan and some metals. Chitosan as adsorbent isolated from Green Crab’s shell. Metal ions used in this research are Cr(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Fe(II) and Pb(II). The subject of this research is green crab’s shell (Scylla serata) and the object is the adsorptive capacity chitosan to some metal ions. Chitosan was prepared in three steps: deproteination, demineralization and deacetylation. This chitosan are impurities by 20 %- 30%kitin. The adsorption experiment was carried out at room temperature for 24 hours. A half gram of chitosan was added into 50 mL of various metals solution at pH system 5. This experiment was performed in two methods. An each ion metal was adsorbed by chitosan and some metal ions i.e: Cr(III), Cu(II), and Ni(II) (1:1:1) were adsorbed simultaneous. Chitosan was characterized by FTIR. Metal ions concentration before and after adsorption was measured by by AAS. Adsorptive capacity is defined as differences of metal ion concentration due to the adsorption per gram chitosan. Then the obtained data was plotted through Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm equations. The result of this work concludes that adsorptive capacity of chitosan in order for some metals ion are Cr(III) > Fe(II)> pb(II) = Zn(II)> Ni(II) = Cu(II). The interaction chitosan with metal ions is indicated complex surface formation by -NH2 groups or –OH groups. A multilayer are formatted by active site chitosan and metal ion interactions, but the interaction of chitosan to copper(II) is prefer a monolayer formation. Key words: chitosan, adsorption, multilay FMIPA, 2006 (PEND. KIMIA

Global Requirements of Chitosan for Medical and Food Applications

Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin which widely distribute in nature and biologically safe. This polymer exhibits several favor properties such as biodegradability, low toxicity and ability to form film hydrogel. Chitosan offers a wide range of unique application such as in medical application for hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial and wound-healing properties, drug delivery and biologically active agent. For food application, chitosan is used for dietary ingredient, food preservative, edible film and coatings. The fulfill the requirement of medical and food application, it is necessary to prepare several tests, grouped in preliminary, confirmatory and other tests. The characterization of chitosan used for the application tests, viscosity and molecular weight determination. The main limitations in the use of chitosan in several applications are its high viscosity and low solubility at neutral pH. Low molecular weight (Mw) chitosans and oligomers can he prepared by degradation of chitosan such as chemical hydrolysis, oxidative degradation, irradiation of chitosan and enzymatic hydrolysis. For medical application, high degrees of deacetylation of chitosan is the important parameter of chitosan for medical and food applications. For some specific applications, these smaller molecules have been found to he much more usefu

Combining hyaluronic acid with chitosan enhances gene delivery

The low gene transfer efficiency of chitosan-DNA polyplexes is a consequence of their high stability and consequent slow DNA release. The incorporation of an anionic polymer is believed to loosen chitosan interactions with DNA and thus promote higher transfection efficiencies. In this work, several formulations of chitosan-DNA polyplexes incorporating hyaluronic acid were prepared and characterized for their gene transfection efficiency on both HEK293 and retinal pigment epithelial cells. The different polyplex formulations showed morphology, size, and charge compatible with a role in gene delivery. The incorporation of hyaluronic acid rendered the formulations less stable, as was the goal, but it did not affect the loading and protection of the DNA. Compared with chitosan alone, the transfection efficiency had a 4-fold improvement, which was attributed to the presence of hyaluronic acid. Overall, our hybrid chitosan-hyaluronic acid polyplexes showed a significant improvement of the efficiency of chitosan-based nonviral vectors in vitro, suggesting that this strategy can further improve the transfection efficiency of nonviral vectors.Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/52424/2013]; Marie Curie Reintegration Grant [PIRG-GA-2009-249314

pH-Sensitive Chitosan–Heparin Nanoparticles for Effective Delivery of Genetic Drugs into Epithelial Cells

Chitosan has been extensively studied as a genetic drug delivery platform. However, its efficiency is limited by the strength of DNA and RNA binding. Expecting a reduced binding strength of cargo with chitosan, we proposed including heparin as a competing polyanion in the polyplexes. We developed chitosan–heparin nanoparticles by a one-step process for the local delivery of oligonucleotides. The size of the polyplexes was dependent on the mass ratio of polycation to polyanion. The mechanism of oligonucleotide release was pH-dependent and associated with polyplex swelling and collapse of the polysaccharide network. Inclusion of heparin enhanced the oligonucleotide release from the chitosan-based polyplexes. Furthermore, heparin reduced the toxicity of polyplexes in the cultured cells. The cell uptake of chitosan–heparin polyplexes was equal to that of chitosan polyplexes, but heparin increased the transfection efficiency of the polyplexes two-fold. The application of chitosan–heparin small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) silencing of ARPE-19 cells was 25% higher. Overall, chitosan–heparin polyplexes showed a significant improvement of gene release inside the cells, transfection, and gene silencing efficiency in vitro, suggesting that this fundamental strategy can further improve the transfection efficiency with application of non-viral vectors

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STARCH-CHITOSAN COMPOSITES

In this experiment, the composites based on chitosan-starch were synthesized at different weight ratios (3/7, 4/6, 5/5, 6/4, 7/3, 8/2, 9/1) by using 4 %v of glycerol as plasticizer. The influence of composition and the degree of deacetylation of chitosan on the properties of starch-chitosan composites film were studied. The films were observed on the aspect of mechanical characteristic, and % swelling, and biodegradability. Tensile strength of the composite films first increased and then decreased with chitosan addition. Otherwise, the addition of chitosan increased the elasticity of film and decreased % swelling. Films made of chitosan with the higher degree of deacetylation were found to have higher tensile strength and elongation in a tensile test

EKSTRAKSI ENZIM PAPAIN GETAH BUAH PEPAYA UNTUK PROSES \ud DEPROTEINASI PADA PEMBUATAN KITIN DARI KULIT UDANG WINDU \ud DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI BAHAN PENJERNIH SARI BUAH SIRSAK

Papaya can produce enzyme that often called the enzyme papain. Usually, Enzyme is found in the resin or fruit that is still young. Papaya resin (papain) contains quite a variety of enzyme that is proteolotik (The protein). This enzyme functions as a protein remover (deproteinase) on the skin of the tiger shrimp. Enzyme will be catalyst ligamen of peptyda or protein to simple compound such as amino acids. Currently chitin and chitosan widely used in the processing industry the production process, ie as cleaner on theju ice. Goal of this research is 1) to determine the influence of extraction enzyme papain from papaya fruit \ud resin in the deproteinase process, 2) to determine the influence of the enzyme papain of papaya fruit resin in chitin extraction on making chitin-chitosan and 3) To know the influence of the addition chitosan as cleaner of the soursoap juice. This research was conducted in Laboraturium Technology of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah Malang in April 2009 until complete. \ud The method used in this research is to use the Complete Random Design (CRL), which consists of 2 phases. First Phase, the addition of papain enzyme treatment with 4-level (P0: without papain enzyme, P1: 1% papain enzyme, P2: papain enzyme 3% and P3: 5% papain enzyme) and second Phasetreatment in addition chitosan on soursoap juice with 3 levels (K0: without Chitosan, K1: chitosan control and K2: chitosan papain 5%), each do 3 times a retrial. First Phase combination treatment is the best Chitosan papain treatment 5% produce rendemen 9.22%, 10.48% of water content, protein content 0.67%; chitosan gray level that is 1.19%. For chitosan as cleaner in the soursoap juice show that the addition of chitosan can use as cleaner, marked with pH test, colour intensity, that indicates the result \ud is very significantly with the juice that did not experience additional of chitosan

Prawn Shell Chitosan Has Anti-Obesogenic Properties, Influencing Both Nutrient Digestibility and Microbial Populations in a Pig Model

This study was supported financially (Grant-Aid Agreement No. MFFRI/07/01) under the Sea Change Strategy with the support of the Marine Institute and the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, funded under the National Development Plan 2007–2013.peer-reviewedThe potential of natural products to prevent obesity have been investigated, with evidence to suggest that chitosan has anti-obesity effects. The current experiment investigated the anti-obesity potential of prawn shell derived chitosan on a range of variables relevant to obesity in a pig model. The two dietary treatment groups included in this 63 day study were: T1) basal diet and T2) basal diet plus 1000 ppm chitosan (n = 20 gilts per group (70 ± 0.90 kg). The parameter categories which were assessed included: performance, nutrient digestibility, serum leptin concentrations, nutrient transporter and digestive enzyme gene expression and gut microbial populations. Pigs offered chitosan had reduced feed intake and final body weight (P< 0.001), lower ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) (P< 0.05) and reduced coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of gross energy and nitrogen (P<0.05) when compared to the basal group. Fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) gene expression was down-regulated in pigs offered chitosan (P = 0.05) relative to the basal diet. Serum leptin concentrations increased (P< 0.05) in animals offered the chitosan diet compared to pigs offered the basal diet. Fatness traits, back-fat depth (mm), fat content (kg), were significantly reduced while lean meat (%) was increased (P<0.05) in chitosan supplemented pigs. Pigs offered chitosan had decreased numbers of Firmicutes in the colon (P <0.05), and Lactobacillus spp. in both the caecum (P <0.05) and colon (P <0.001). Bifidobacteria populations were increased in the caecum of animals offered the chitosan diet (P <0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that prawn shell chitosan has potent anti-obesity/body weight control effects which are mediated through multiple biological systems in vivo.This study was supported financially (Grant-Aid Agreement No. MFFRI/07/01) under the Sea Change Strategy with the support of the Marine Institute and the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, funded under the National Development Plan 2007–2013

Dyes adsorption from aqueous solutions by Chitosan

In this study the ability of chitosan to remove acid, basic, reactive and direct dyestuffs by adsorption was studied. The effect of several factors influencing dye adsorption such as dye concentration, grain size, pH and temperature were investigated. Desorption of dyes at different pH was also examined. It was shown that the adsorption capacities of chitosan were comparatively high for acid and direct dyes and that the adsorption was controlled by the acidity of the solution. The kinetics of adsorption were found to be of pseudo second order. Batch isotherm studies showed that adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution by chitosan was described by the Langmuir equation

Development of Chitosan/Gelatin/Keratin Composite Containing Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate as a Buccal Mucoadhesive Patch to Treat Desquamative Gingivitis

The aim of this research was to develop chitosan/gelatin/keratin composite containing hydrocortisone sodium succinate as a buccal mucoadhesive patch to treat desquamative gingivitis, which was fabricated through an environmental friendly process. Mucoadhesive films increase the advantage of higher efficiency and drug localization in the affected region. In this research, mucoadhesive films, for the release of hydrocortisone sodium succinate, were prepared using different ratios of chitosan, gelatin and keratin. In the first step, chitosan and gelatin proportions were optimized after evaluating the mechanical properties, swelling capacity, water uptake, stability, and biodegradation of the films. Then, keratin was added at different percentages to the optimum composite of chitosan and gelatin together with the drug. The results of surface pH showed that none of the samples were harmful to the buccal cavity. FTIR analysis confirmed the influence of keratin on the structure of the composite. The presence of a higher amount of keratin in the composite films resulted in high mechanical, mucoadhesive properties and stability, low water uptake and biodegradation in phosphate buffer saline (pH = 7.4) containing 104 U/ml lysozyme. The release profile of the films ascertained that keratin is a rate controller in the release of the hydrocortisone sodium succinate. Finally, chitosan/gelatin/keratin composite containing hydrocortisone sodium succinate can be employed in dental applications