Decolouring bloodmeal: Consumption and potential recycling of peracetic acid

A method of deodorizing and decolouring bloodmeal using an equilibrium mixture of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and water has been developed to improve its marketability as a source of protein for bioplastics. The objective of this study was to determine what quantity of peracetic acid is required to give reasonable bleaching of the bloodmeal and determine whether there is potential for the wastewater to be recycled. This was carried out by measuring the quantity of chemical species in the initial equilibrium mixture and the resulting wastewater upon bleaching using volumetric analysis. Bleaching efficacy was determined after exposing 100 g bloodmeal to 1.1, 2.5, 3.6, 4.5 and 5.6 wt% peracetic acid solutions as either 300 g total solution or a constant molar equivalent of 2.2 mmol peracetic acid/g bloodmeal and using a chromameter to measure colour change. Addition of 300 g 5.6 wt% peracetic acid solution resulted in effective bleaching. This represented a ratio of 2.20 mmol peracetic acid/g bloodmeal of which 1.4 mmol peracetic acid/g bloodmeal was consumed (63%). If 300 g 300 g of <2.5 wt% solution is added such that there is still 2.2 mmol peracetic acid/g bloodmeal, bleaching is still insufficient. These results suggest that an excess of peracetic is required for bleaching to occur, and that its concentration is paramount to bleaching efficacy. Due to the excess of peracetic acid used in the bleaching process, there is potential for wastewater recycling to be carried out provided that the wastewater is not diluted

Pemucatan Minyak Sawit Mentah Menggunakan Arang Aktif

Crude Palm Oil, CPO, is a strategic commodity that has economic value, because it is a main raw material to manufacture a variety of food consumer products. CPO is the most produced edible oil in the world. The purpose of this research were to find an alternative adsorbent of bleaching earth, i.e. activated carbon, and to test the ability of activated carbon as bleaching agent in the bleaching process of CPO. This research was involving, the activation process of carbon, degumming process of CPO with the addition of phosphoric acid, bleaching process with activated carbon, and analysis to the palm oil produced. In this study, bleaching process carried out at temperature variations of 90, 100, 110, and 120 oC, and variations of the activated carbon\u27s concentration at 3, 4, and 5% (by weight) for 30 minutes. Based on this research, the activated carbon has potential as alternative adsorbent for bleaching process of CPO with bleaching power of 93% at the bleaching temperatute of 120 oC and concentration of activated carbon by 5% (by weight). In this bleaching process conditions, after degumming process, the resulted palm oil have the brightness level of 40 mg/L Pt, acid value of 5,66 mg KOH/g, phosphor content of 3,31 ppm, and water content of 0,06% (by weight)

The Bleaching of Groundwood

Present industrial methods for the bleaching of groundwood are discussed. The conditions and chemicals used for hypochlorite, sodium and zinc hydrosulphite, bisulphite and sodium and hydrogen peroxide bleaching are reviewed. Consistencies, retention time, pH and temperature for maximum brightness are discussed for each process. Chemical reactions for the removal of color are given for several of the processes

Study of Some Factors Which Influence Froth Flotation of Deinked Stock

Mineral and fiber were concurrently reclaimed from coated waste stock with the froth flotation process. Percentages of ash and fiber reclaimed are included along with the brightness of the deinked stock. A suitable cooking formula and two flotation systems were discovered which respond favorably to froth flotation and yield a relatively high brightness before bleaching

Menentukan PH Optimum di DO Stage untuk Mengurangi Konsumsi CIO2 pada Proses Pulp Bleaching di PT. RAPP

The process of bleaching is a chemical process that is used on chemically treated pulp and mechanical pulp aimed at increasing degrees of brightness according to the expected target. The purpose of the bleaching process are: increasing the brightness, maintaining brightness stability, removing dirt and unwanted components and maintain the physical strength of the pulp. Pulp bleaching process has several stages of the first delignification (D0), Extraction Peroxide (EP), and Last Delignification (D stage). There are few process variables having an effect on the bleaching process, one of which is pH. At first delignification process (D0) with the kappa factor 0.25, the process temperature about 75 oC for 1 hour, the expected optimum end pH is 3.5 to 4.0. In these conditions will produce pulp with 65.42% ISO brightness, and after going through the process of extraction Peroxide (EP) for 90 minutes will produce a pulp with a kappa number a low of 2.63. So after going through the process in Last Delignification (Dstage) will have the lowest consumption of chlorine dioxide. Overall pulp with a final pH Do stage 3.5 to 4.0 Chlorine dioxide is consumed as much as 133.6 ml

Effects of total chlorine free (TCF) bleaching on the characteristics of chemi mechanical (CMP) pulp and paper from Malaysian durian (DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURR.) rind

The effects of bleaching process on the characteristics of pulp and paper produced from durian rind under chemi-mechanical pulping (CMP) method were investigated. All process and characteristic tests were conducted according to Malaysian International Organisation for Standardization (MS ISO) and Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI). Three (3) stages of peroxide (P-P-P) bleaching sequence through the Total Chlorine Free (TCF) bleaching process were applied to the unbeaten and unbleached durian rind CMP pulp. Bleached CMP durian rind pulp drainage time (32s) decreased (faster) and CSF freeness level (172.50ml) increased as compared to a control pulp. It was obtained that overall optical (brightness (66.36 %)) and mechanical characteristics (tensile index (38.33 Nm/g), tearing index (7.56 mN.m2/g), bursting index (2.42 kPa.m2/g), and number of folds (43)) of durian rind CMP 60 gsm paper sheet improved as the TCF bleaching process was applied to the unbleached CMP durian rind pulp

One photon and two photon process in photo-decomposition of germanium oxygen deficient centres

UV photon-induced transformation of germanium oxygen deficient centres (GODC) in germanium-doped silica glass have been studied using photocurrent measurements, absorption and fluorescence bleaching. It has been identified that the photocurrent are generated via a two photon effect. Evidence have been found suggesting that the UV photon-induced destruction of GODCs is achieved via two reaction pathways, a single photon pathway and a two photon pathway. The process is discussed

Bio-preparation of cotton fabrics

This study attempted to introduce the bio-processes in the conventional scouring and bleaching preparation of cotton. The scouring with two types of pectinases, acting under acidic and alkaline conditions respectively, was as efficient as the chemical process in terms of obtained adequate water absorbency of the fabrics. The necessity of surfactants application in scouring was outlined. Bleaching of the fabrics was performed with hydrogen peroxide, which was enzymatically produced by glucose oxidase during oxidation of glucose. The aeration plays an important role in the enhancement of the enzyme reaction, so that the quantity of generated peroxide is sufficient to overcome the stabilizing effect of the glucose and protein in the subsequent bleaching. A closed-loop process reusing starch containing desizing baths in a single step scouring/bleaching operation with enzyme-generated peroxide was performed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved

FRAP Analysis: Accounting for Bleaching during Image Capture

The analysis of Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) experiments involves mathematical modeling of the fluorescence recovery process. An important feature of FRAP experiments that tends to be ignored in the modeling is that there can be a significant loss of fluorescence due to bleaching during image capture. In this paper, we explicitly include the effects of bleaching during image capture in the model for the recovery process, instead of correcting for the effects of bleaching using reference measurements. Using experimental examples, we demonstrate the usefulness of such an approach in FRAP analysis.Molecular and Cellular Biolog