Rule 10b-5: The Rejection of the Birnbaum Doctrine by Eason v. General Motors Acceptance Corp. and the Need for a New Limitation on Damages

Det är viktigt att vägarna håller så länge som möjligt. En faktor som har en påverkan i asfaltens långvarighet är bitumen. När bitumenet föråldras försämras dess egenskaper som ökar risken att skador uppstår på asfalten. Med hjälp av olika tillsatser kan bitumenets egenskaper förbättras. En av dessa egenskaper är bitumenåldring. Sammanlagt finns det tre olika skeden i bitumenåldring. Av dessa tre skeden kommer tillverknings- och användningsskedet att undersökas. I detta examensarbete kommer tre olika tillsatsers påverkan i bitumenföråldring att undersökas. Detta kommer utföras genom laborationer där olika metoder som penetration, mjukpunkt, fraass brytpunkt, DSR, Iatroscan, GPC och FTIR kommer användas. Det kommer också utföras styvhetestester på de tillverkade asfaltskropparna. Resultaten som tas fram i detta examensarbete tyder på att Rediseten har bäst värden avseende åldring utav bitumen. Men detta tros inte vara på grund av tillsatsens inverkan i bitumen utan möjligheten att sänka temperaturen vid tillverkningen av asfalten.It is important that roads last as long as possible. One factor that has a prolonged effect on asphalt is bitumen. When bitumen ages the characteristics deteriorates which increases the risk for damages on the asphalt. With the help of different additives the characteristics of bitumen could improve. One of these characteristics is bitumen aging. There are three different stages in bitumen aging. Of these three stages will the production and user stage be examined. In this thesis will three additives effect on bitumen aging be examined. This will be performed by doing laboratory experiments where different methods will be used such as penetration, softening point, fraass breaking point, DSR, latroscan, GPC and FTIR. Stiffness tests will be made on the constructed asphalt bodies. Results in this thesis interprets that Rediset has the best values when it comes to aging of bitumen. It is not believed to be the additives effect in the bitumen but the fact that the additive gives the opportunity to lower the temperature during the production of the asphalt

Microstructural characterization of a Canadian oil sand

The microstructure of oil sand samples extracted at a depth of 75 m from the estuarine Middle McMurray formation (Alberta, Canada) has been investigated by using high resolution 3D X-Ray microtomography ($\mu$CT) and Cryo Scanning Electron Microscopy (CryoSEM). $\mu$CT images evidenced some dense areas composed of highly angular grains surrounded by fluids that are separated by larger pores full of gas. 3D Image analysis provided in dense areas porosity values compatible with in-situ log data and macroscopic laboratory determinations, showing that they are representative of intact states. $\mu$CT hence provided some information on the morphology of the cracks and disturbance created by gas expansion. The CryoSEM technique, in which the sample is freeze fractured within the SEM chamber prior to observation, provided pictures in which the (frozen) bitumen clearly appears between the sand grains. No evidence of the existence of a thin connate water layer between grains and the bitumen, frequently mentioned in the literature, has been obtained. Bitumen appears to strongly adhere to the grains, with some grains completely being coated. The curved shape of some bitumen menisci suggests a bitumen wet behaviour

Formulation development and microstructure analysis of a polymer modified bitumen emulsion road surfacing : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Product Development at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

The purpose of this research was to develop a formulation for a polymer modified bitumen emulsion road surfacing product called microsurfacing to a mid-scale prototype stage. A supplementary part of the development was to investigate the polymer-bitumen interactions and how they affected the products end properties using confocal microscopy. The formulation development consisted of three stages: technical design specifications, initial design, detailed design. The technical specification was developed to define the product performance in quantitative measures, and set the initial formulation parameters to work within. The initial design development screened three polymers, four methods of adding polymer to the emulsion and two grades of bitumen. Experimental design techniques were used to determine the best polymer-bitumen combination and emulsion process method. Further experimental investigations consisted of screening three emulsifiers and assessing the effect of aggregate cleanliness on the surfacing abrasion and curing rate. The detailed design used experimental factorial design to examine the effects of polymer concentration, emulsifier level, and emulsifier pH on the emulsion stability, microsurfacing wear resistance and cure rate. The emulsion residue was observed using confocal microscopy with fluorescence light and the microsurfacing mixture using both fluorescent and reflected light. The research showed that a emulsion using 100 penetration grade Safaniya bitumen with SBR latex polymer post added could provide microsurfacing abrasion resistance of less than 100 g/m 2 ; an improvement of 85% on the minimum specification. The vertical permanent deformation was less than the 10% and could not be attained without polymer addition. The use of aggregate with a high cleanliness and an alkyl amidoamine emulsifier resulted in surfacing cohesion development of 20 kg-cm within 90 minutes, which compares closely to the international specification. Unexpected results not reported before were that the emulsion residue from biphase modified emulsions had a softening point up to 10°C higher than polymer modified hot bitumen with the same polymer concentration. The biphase emulsified binder residue also has a very different microstructure to hot modified bitumen and this structure has been proposed to help account for the improved resistance to high temperature and applied stress. Modifications to the formulation are to improve the emulsion settlement and should focus on the density difference between the bitumen and polymer latex. This research has shown that a microsurfacing reading product can be successfully formulated with New Zealand bitumen and aggregate sources to meet key specified performance requirements. By systematically investigating the effects of materials on the performance properties of the product, a formulation ready for a mid-scale experiment has been proposed

DESIGN AND PROPERTIES OF HOT MIXTURE POROUS ASPHALT FOR SEMI-FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT APPLICATIONS

Abstract Semi-flexible pavement consists of selected porous asphalt mixture filled with cementitious slurry. This new type of pavement has prospects to be designed as a high deformation resistant pavement (Setyawan et al, 2001). Porous asphalt, as the skeleton of the composite has been de-signed to have a porosity of 30% by selected the aggregates gradation, type of bitumen, bitumen content and fibre content. This investigation concerned with the design and properties of porous asphalt to be used as the skeleton for grouted macadam. The ranges of mixtures were evalu-ated by using different type of bitumen, bitumen content, filler addition and aggregate gradation. This investigation concluded that porous as-phalt manufactured by using specified gradation utilising 50-pen bitu-men is appropriate to be used as skeleton for grouted macadam. Keywords: cellulose filler, grouted macadam, polymer modified, porous asphalt, semi-flexible pavement

Petrography, The Tar Sands Paradise, and the Medium of Modernity

This article engages with the artistic practice of petrography, the art of creating photographic images through the action of sunlight upon bitumen, the heavy-oil material that is the source of the petroleum in the Athabasca tar sands. It presents several examples of petrographs that document the process of industrial bitumen mining itself. Further, it theorizes the ways in which both the process of producing petrographs and the act of engaging with them as a viewer require a degree of collaboration normally absent from our consumption of petroleum as the medium of modernity. A key argument of the paper is the reconfiguration of bitumen as a medicine in Cree/Métis contexts, which leads to an alternative Indigenous idea of the petro-medium as an active, relational substance with its own potential agency

Information about petroleum in America prior to the nineteenth Century

The petroleum substances have been used a lot of centuries ago: bitumen has been used in Neolithic Period to fix head's hammer of stone and to set beads. The authors of this paper want to show the knowledge of bitumen and asphalt in South America until the 19t h century through documents of Spaniards conquerors. Besides, we have done a comparative study between different words to design these petroleum product

Developing new chemical–rheological models and chemical–durability indices of bitumen

Significant correlation among chemical properties, rheological characteristics and durability of bitumen is very important in evaluating and modifying bitumen. However, a number of previous studies found inconsistent correlation. Therefore, a study on developing new chemical-rheological models and chemical-durability indices was carried out. Two bitumen fractionation method, Rostler and Corbett methods were used to extract each chemical fraction of bitumen. A number of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of each chemical fraction on bitumen rheology such as the effect of asphaltenes, polar aromatics, naphthene aromatics, nitrogen bases, first acidaffins, second acidaffins and paraffins on elastic modulus (G’), viscous modulus (G”) or fatigue factor (G*sin[δ]), and rutting fator (G*/sin[δ]). Two bitumen from different sources, namely Petronas petroleum bitumen and Buton rock asphalt (BRA) bitumen, were used. New chemical�rheological models were formulated to estimate the bitumen rheology in corporating parameters which are G’, G” or (G*sin[δ]), and (G*/sin[δ]) based on the chemical properties. Furthermore, new chemical durability indices that may indicate the ageing rate of bitumen during short-term and long-term ageing were also formulated. Based on statistical analyses, the models and the indices, which were developed by using chemical properties according to Rostler method were found to be invalid because the real and the predicted rheology were significantly different. While according to Corbett method the models and the indices were valid because the differences is not significant since t-score of the models and the indices were maximum 2.679 and 2.119 or less than t-critical 2.797 and 2.861 respectively). The novelties of this study are the new models and the new indices can be used to predict the bitumen rheology and ageing rate based on the chemical composition. Furthermore, they are very important as guides in modifying a bitumen chemical composition to produce a bitumen mixture with the desired rheology and short-term or long-term ageing rat

Obtaining the fatigue laws of bituminous mixtures from a strain sweep test: effect of temperature and aging

Fatigue is associated with the deterioration caused by applying repeated loads, and is affected by temperature or aging. Generally, time sweep tests are used to simulate fatigue, in order to obtain the fatigue laws. However, this requires too much time, often preventing its use. A method to estimate the fatigue laws from a strain sweep test is presented. The test was performed on a semi-dense mixture with different types of binder (unconditioned or aged) tested at different temperatures. This test is able to estimate fatigue laws more quickly, allowing the effect of different factors on the mixtures' fatigue life to be studied.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Characterizing Surface Properties of Aggregates Used in Hot Mix Asphalt

Physical and chemical properties of aggregates at the micro scale strongly impact the adhesive bond (strength and durability) between bitumen and aggregate. These properties include surface free energy, chemical interaction potential, and specific surface area. This report describes testing methods developed for the Universal Sorption Device (USD), the Wilhelmy Plate (WP), and the microcalorimeter (MC) to measure these surface properties of aggregates. Test results from five different asphalt binders and nine different aggregates are presented to demonstrate how these surface properties can be used to: (1) select combinations of bitumen and aggregates that are more resistant to moisture damage, (2) select additives that can be used to improve the performance of asphalt mixtures based on the physico-chemical nature of the bitumen and aggregate, and (3) predict the resistance of the mixture to moisture-induced damage.Aggregates Foundation for Technology, Research, and Education (AFTRE)Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineerin

'We're not truckin' around': On and off-road in Samuel Wagan Watson's Smoke Encrypted Whispers

Cars and roads traverse the poetry of Samuel Wagan Watson, a self-identified Aboriginal man of Bundjalung, Birri Gubba, German and Irish ancestry. The narrator/s of the poems in 'Smoke Encrypted' Whispers are repeatedly on the road or beside it, and driving is employed as a metaphor for everything from addiction and memory to the search for love. Road kill litters the poems, while roads come to life, cars become men, and men have 'gas tanks that can't see empty'. Watson's poetry has received significant critical attention and acclaim: his 'haunting, uncanny, layered poetics of history' and depiction of 'colonial degradation' have been explored, and his poems-including those featuring cars and roads-have been analysed in relation to such themes as the sacred, locatedness, and creative processes. Given the extent to which cars and roads dominate Watson's poetry, it is notable, however, that his use of both to explore and resist 'colonial degradation' has not received sustained attention