NMR-based Metabonomics Study of Patients with Cerebral Infraction Complication in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

目的应用氢谱核磁共振代谢组学(1H-nMr)方法研究2型糖尿病(T2dM)合并脑梗死患者血清中小分子代谢物代谢轮廓的变化,探讨2型糖尿病合并脑梗死的可能发病机制。方法选择T2dM合并脑梗死患者19例、单纯T2dM患者25例及健康对照者29例,利用1H-nMr方法检测血清的代谢轮廓,通过偏最小二乘判别分析方法,鉴别各组别间血清小分子代谢物的区别。结果从血清偏最小二乘判别分析得分图中可以区分3组患者,与T2dM合并脑梗死有关的特征代谢物包括极低密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、葡萄糖、乳酸、丙酮酸、3-羟基丁酸、n-乙酰糖蛋白、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、前列腺素d2、前列腺素E2、同型半胱氨酸、氧化三甲胺、甜菜碱等。结论脂类代谢、糖代谢、氨基酸代谢的紊乱可能在T2dM合并脑梗死的发病中起到重要作用。炎症因子、同型半胱氨酸的增加,肠道菌群失调引起的氧化三甲胺、甜菜碱的浓度改变可能也与T2dM合并脑梗死的发生有一定关系。Aim To investigate the possible mechanism of cerebral infarction in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) through identifying the changes of metabolic products in serum by applying the method of 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance(1H-NMR).Methods Nineteen patients with cerebral infarction complication in T2DM,25 T2DM patients without cerebral infarction and 29 healthy controls were included in our study.The micromolecular substances of each participant in serum were detected by 1H-NMR.The metabolic profile of each participant was obtained.The partial least square discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) was used to examine the difference of metabolic profile among groups.Results Based on the analysis of score plots of groups,the T2DM patients with cerebral infarction,T2DM patients without cerebral infarction and the group of healthy controls were clearly distinguished by applying PLS-DA.The characteristic metabolic products of patients with cerebral infarction complication in T2DM included very low density lipoprotein(VLDL),low density lipoprotein(LDL),glucose,3-hydroxy butanoic acid,lactate,pyruvic acid,glycoprotein,leucine,valine,prostaglandin D2,E2,homocysteine,trimethylamine oxide(TMAO) and betaine.Conclusions The results of our study suggested that the metabolic disorders of lipids,carbohydrate and amino acid may play essential role in the development of T2DM with cerebral infarction.The elevated level of prostaglandin D2,E2 and homocysteine might play a role in the occurrence of cerebral infarction in T2DM.The change of TMAO and betaine which were caused by enteric dysbacteriosis,also might be related to the occurrence of cerebral infarction in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Expression of the coat protein gene of IHHNV in shrimp in Pichia Pastoris

对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒是“须向OIE申报的甲壳动物重要疾病“之一。将该病毒主要结构蛋白基因克隆至毕赤酵母穿梭表达质粒PPIC9k,构建重组表达载体(命名为PPIC9k-IV),限制性内切酶bglⅡ对其进行酶切线性化,采用电穿孔法转化到毕赤酵母gS115宿主菌。采用PCr方法分析和g418筛选来鉴定重组的毕赤酵母,诱导表达的产物分别进行ElISA分析或WESTErn blOT免疫印迹鉴定,分泌表达产物分子量大小为40ku左右,原核表达时制备的兔抗对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒衣壳蛋白的血清可与真核表达的目的蛋白发生特异性反应。The infectious hypodermal & haematopoietic necrosis virus is one of the main diseases of the penaeid shrimp.The gene of coat protein of IHHNV was constructed into Pichia Pastoris secretory expression vectors pPIC9K,named pPIC9K-IV.The recombinant plasmid pPIC9K-IV was linearized with BglⅡ,and then was transformed into Pichia Pastoris GS115 by electroporation.After PCR analysis and G418 screening,the pPIC9KIV recombinant was expressed with 0.8%(V/V) methanol.The expression product was confirmed by Western blot and ELISA analysis.The results showed that the coat protein was successfully expressed,its product was about 40ku,and could recognized specifically by rabbit polyclonal anti-serum.国家质检总局科技基金资助项目(2006IK015

[[alternative]]Consumers buy life insurance to explore factors affecting : C life insurance Co. policyholders as case study

碩士[[abstract]]影響消費者購買壽險商品的因素除受外在整體社經環境影響外，亦因個人年齡、職業、教育程度、家庭狀況、可支配所得及生活型態等因素而有所不同；在國內外學者對壽險消費的研究中，大多對消費者個人因素或保費支出的因素進行 探討，以瞭解其對購買壽險商品意願的影響。 本研究將以C人壽保險公司保戶為對象，由消費者的觀點探討品牌權益、關係結合、關係品質之滿意度、信任與承諾，與購買意願進行探討，並瞭解涉入程度對保戶之需求關係，以作為人身保險業未來行銷策略及服務策略的參考。 實證結果顯示如下： 一、品牌權益與關係品質因素有顯著正向影響 二、關係結合與關係品質有顯著正向影響 三、關係品質因素間有顯著正向影響 四、關係品質因素與購買意願有顯著正向影響 五、涉入程度與各變項間有顯著差異 六、人口統計變數對各變項間有顯著差異[[abstract]]In addition to the overall impact of socioeconomic environment, factors affecting consumers to purchase life insurance products are also varied due to individual age, occupation, education level, family status, disposable income and lifestyle etc. In the studies of scholars in and out of Taiwan, most studies discuss the individual factor of consumers or premium expenses factor to understand the influences of the factors to purchase Intention of life insurance products. The study takes the assured of C Life as objects and takes discussion on brand equity, relation combination, satisfaction of relation quality, trust and commitment, and purchase Intention through the views of consumers to understand the relationship between the involvement degree and the requirements of the assured and take as reference for future marketing strategies and service strategies of personal insurance industry. The empirical results are as the following: I. Brand equity and relation quality factor have significant and positive correlation. II. Relation combination and relation quality have significant and positive correlation. III.Relation quality factors are significantly and positively correlated. IV.Relation quality factor and purchase Intention have significant and positive correlation. V. Involvement degree and various items have significant differences. VI.Demographic variables have significant differences to various variables.[[tableofcontents]]目錄 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究範圍與限制 2 第三節 研究流程 2 第二章 文獻探討 4 第一節 C人壽保險公司概況 4 第二節 品牌權益 （BRAND EQUITY） 10 第三節 關係結合（RELATION COMBINATION） 25 第四節 關係品質（RELATION QUALITY） 31 第五節 購買意願（PURCHASE INTENTION） 36 第六節 涉入程度（INVOLVEMENT DEGREE） 39 第三章 研究方法 43 第一節 研究架構 43 第二節 研究假說 44 第三節 研究變數操作性定義與衡量 51 第四節 問卷設計 56 第五節 資料蒐集方法 57 第六節 資料分析方法 57 第四章 研究結果 60 第一節 敘述性統計分析 60 第二節 消費者涉入之因素分析 70 第三節 變異數分析 78 第四節 全體樣本迴歸方程模式分析 88 第五節 假說檢定結果彙整 98 第五章 結論與建議 100 第一節 結論 100 第二節 建議 103 第三節 後續研究建議 105 參考文獻 106 附錄 123 圖目錄 圖 1-1 研究流程 3 圖 3-1 研究架構 43 表目錄 表 2-1 壽險業保費收入結構 4 表 2-2 C人壽保險公司得獎紀錄 6 表 2-3 C人壽保險公司最近二年度資產負債表 8 表 2-4 C人壽保險公司最近三年度損益表 9 表 2-5 牌權益定義彙整表 14 表 2-6 品牌權益衡量構面彙整表 24 表 2-7 關係行銷定義 26 表 2-8 關係行銷三種結合之關係層級 26 表 2-9 關係品質定義 31 表 2-10 關係品質構面彙整 33 表 2-11 購買意願定義 37 表 2-12 涉入程度定義 40 表 3-1 品牌權益操作性定義與衡量 51 表 3-2 關係結合操作性定義與衡量 52 表 3-3 滿意度操作性定義與衡量 53 表 3-4 信任操作性定義與衡量 53 表 3-5 承諾的操作性定義與衡量 54 表 3-6 購買意願的操作性定義與衡量 54 表 3-7 關係結合操作性定義與衡量 55 表 3-8 問卷題項 56 表 4-1 受訪者性別分佈敘述性統計分析 60 表 4-2 受訪者年齡分布敘述性統計分析 60 表 4-3 受訪者教育程度分布敘述性統計分析 61 表 4-4 受訪者婚姻狀態分布敘述性統計分析 61 表 4-5 受訪者職業分布敘述性統計分析 61 表 4-6 受訪者子女人數分布敘述性統計分析 62 表 4-7 受訪者個人年所得分布敘述性統計分析 62 表 4-8 受訪者擁有C人壽保險公司保單張數分布敘述性統計分析 62 表 4-9 受訪者持有C人壽保險公司保單投保至今年數分布敘述性統計分析63 表 4-10 受訪者持有C人壽保險公司保單繳費方式分布敘述性統計分析 63 表 4-11 品牌權益敘述性統計分析 64 表 4-12 財務性結合敘述性統計分析 64 表 4-13 社交性結合敘述性統計分析 65 表 4-14 結構性結合敘述性統計分析 65 表 4-15 滿意度敘述性統計分析 65 表 4-16 信任敘述性統計分析 66 表 4-17 承諾敘述性統計分析 66 表 4-18 購買意願敘述性統計分析 66 表 4-19 CRONBACH''S Α 之係數參考指標 67 表 4-20 品牌權益量表之信度分析 67 表 4-21 財務性結合、社交性結合與結構性結合之信度分析 68 表 4-22 關係品質中滿意度、信任、承諾之信度分析 69 表 4-23 購買意願之信度分析 70 表 4-24 巴氏球形檢定與 KMO係數 71 表 4-25 涉入程度因素分析表 71 表 4-26 涉入程度信度分析表 72 表 4-27 集群凝聚係數增量表 73 表 4-28 兩階段集群法結果 74 表 4-29 三群之區別分析表 74 表 4-30 集群命名 75 表 4-31 各人口統計變數與涉入程度集群之卡方獨立性檢定表 76 表 4-32 品牌權益多變量變異數分析 79 表 4-33 各人口統計變數對品牌權益SCHEFFE事後檢定 80 表 4-34 關係結合多變量變異數分析 82 表 4-35 各人口統計變數對關係結合SCHEFFE事後檢定 83 表 4-36 滿意度變異數分析 84 表 4-37 各人口統計變數對滿意度SCHEFFE事後檢定 84 表 4-38 信任變異數分析 85 表 4-39 各人口統計變數對信任SCHEFFE事後檢定 85 表 4-40 承諾變異數分析 86 表 4-41 各人口統計變數對承諾SCHEFFE事後檢定 86 表 4-42 購買意願變異數分析 87 表 4-43 各人口統計變數對購買意願SCHEFFE事後檢定 88 表 4-44 判定係數解釋程度 88 表 4-45 品牌權益對關係品質迴歸方程式分析 89 表 4-46 品牌權益對滿意度迴歸方程式分析 89 表 4-47 品牌權益對信任迴歸方程式分析 90 表 4-48 品牌權益對承諾迴歸方程式分析 90 表 4-49 關係結合對關係品質迴歸方程式分析 90 表 4-50 財務性結合對滿意度迴歸方程式分析 91 表 4-51 財務性結合對信任迴歸方程式分析 91 表 4-52 財務性結合對承諾迴歸方程式分析 92 表 4 53 社交性結合對滿意度迴歸方程式分析 92 表 4-54 財務性結合對信任迴歸方程式分析 92 表 4-55 社交性結合對承諾迴歸方程式分析 93 表 4-56 結構性結合對滿意度迴歸方程式分析 93 表 4-57 結構性結合對信任迴歸方程式分析 94 表 4-58 結構性結合對承諾迴歸方程式分析 94 表 4-59 滿意度對信任迴歸方程式分析 94 表 4-60 滿意度對承諾迴歸方程式分析 95 表 4-61 信任對承諾迴歸方程式分析 95 表 4-62 滿意度對購買意願迴歸方程式分析 96 表 4-63 信任對購買意願迴歸方程式分析 96 表 4-64 承諾對購買意願迴歸方程式分析 96 表 4-65 線性回歸分析模式路徑係數與假設驗證表 97 表 4-66 假說驗證結果 98[[note]]學號: 701560186, 學年度: 10

[[alternative]]A study on the relationship between role perception and behavior of instructional leadership of the grade-director of elementary schools in Taipei county

碩士[[abstract]]研究旨在瞭解臺北縣國民小學學年主任角色知覺與教學領導行為之現況，分析其角色知覺與教學領導行為在不同背景變項下之差異情形，並探討此角色知覺與教學領導行為的相關情形。 本研究以臺北縣國民小學之學年主任為研究對象，以自編的「國民小學學年主任之角色知覺與教學領導行為調查問卷」為研究工具，共發出420份，有效問卷回收404份，回收率達96.2％。問卷調查所得資料以SPSS12.0 版統計套裝軟體進行平均數、標準差、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關及多元迴歸分析等統計方法加以處理。 依據問卷調查結果之分析，歸納本研究之主要結論如下： 一、臺北縣國民小學學年主任之角色為多元並存的綜合角色。 二、臺北縣國民小學學年主任角色知覺屬中上程度，其中以「傳播聯繫者」角色的知覺最高。 三、臺北縣國民小學學年主任因不同個人背景變項而在角色知覺的差異有部分顯著。 四、臺北縣國民小學學年主任因不同學校背景變項而在角色知覺的差異情形，以「學校規模」達顯著水準。 五、臺北縣國民小學學年主任教學領導行為具多樣化的特性。 六、臺北縣國民小學學年主任之各種教學領導行為屬中上程度，其中以「溝通協調」之領導行為的表現最高。 七、臺北縣國民小學學年主任因不同個人背景變項而在教學領導行為的差異情形，部分變項有顯著差異。 八、臺北縣國民小學學年主任因不同學校背景變項而在教學領導行為的差異情形，以「學校規模」的差異達顯著水準。 九、臺北縣國民小學學年主任之角色知覺與教學領導行為間具有中高度正相關。 十、臺北縣國民小學學年主任之角色知覺對教學領導行為具有正向預測力，其中以「協調促進者」之預測力最佳。 根據上述研究結論，本研究提出若干建議，以供學校機關、學年主任及未來研究之參考。[[abstract]]The purposes of this study, in regard to Role Perception and Behavior of Teaching Leadership of Grade-Director of Elementary Schools in Taipei County, were to understand their current status, to compare the differences based on background variables, and to analyze the relationship in between. This study adopted questionnaire survey as its method and a questionnaire entitled as “ Questionnaire on the Role Perception and Instructional Leadership Behavior of Grade-Directors of Elementary Schools” was administered to 420 grade-directors of elementary schools in Taipei County. The questionnaire data collected were analyzed by applying computer software SPSS version 12.0, and statistics such as mean, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and regression analysis were used . The major findings of this study were as follows: Ⅰ.The Grade-Directors of elementary schools in Taipei County are coexistence of integrated multi-role. Ⅱ.The current Role Perception level of Grade-Director of elementary schools in Taipei County is above the average, with the role of “Communication and coordination ” the highest one. Ⅲ.There are some significant differences in role perception by the background variables of Grade-Directors of elementary schools in Taipei County. Ⅳ.School background variables like school size show a positive correlation with the role perception of elementary schools’ Grade-Directors in Taipei County. Ⅴ.The instructional leadership behavior of Grade-Directors of elementary schools in Taipei County shows a variety of characteristics. Ⅵ.The current instructional leadership behavior of Grade-Directors of elementary schools in Taipei County is above the average level, with “communication and coordination ” the highest one. Ⅶ.There are some significant differences in instructional leadership behavior of Grade-Directors of elementary schools in Taipei County by their background variables. Ⅷ.School background variables like school size show a positive correlation with instructional leadership behavior of elementary schools’ Grade-Directors in Taipei County. Ⅸ.The role perception and instructional leadership behavior of elementary schools’ Grade-Directors have a highly positive correlation. Ⅹ.In Taipei County, the role of communication and coordination has the best predictive power to Grade-Directors’ instructional leadership behavior. Based on results of the study, some suggestions were proposed to schools and Grade-Directors of elementary schools, as well as the future study.[[tableofcontents]]第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 待答問題與名詞釋義 5 第三節 研究方法與步驟 8 第四節 研究範圍與限制 9 第二章 文獻探討 11 第一節 角色知覺之意涵與相關理論 11 第二節 教學領導行為之意涵與相關模式 26 第三節 角色知覺與教學領導行為之相關研究 46 第三章 研究設計與實施 53 第一節 研究架構 53 第二節 研究對象 56 第三節 研究工具 59 第四節 實施程序 74 第五節 資料處理 75 第四章 研究結果分析與討論 77 第一節 臺北縣國民小學學年主任之角色知覺 77 第二節 臺北縣國民小學學年主任之教學領導行為 96 第三節 國民小學學年主任之角色知覺與教學領導行為的關聯 119 第四節 綜合分析與討論 127 第五章 結論與建議 143 第一節 結論 143 第二節 建議 148 參考文獻 153 壹、中文部份 153 貳、英文部份 159 附錄 161 附錄一 正式問卷取樣對象收發一覽表 161 附錄二 國民小學學年主任之角色知覺與教學領導行為調查問卷（初稿） 163 附錄三 國民小學學年主任之角色知覺與教學領導行為調查問卷（專家指導用） 169 附錄四 國民小學學年主任之角色知覺與教學領導行為調查問卷（預試用） 175 附錄五 國民小學學年主任之角色知覺與教學領導行為調查問卷 178 表次 表2-1國內外學者對「角色」定義彙整表 15 表2-2「領導角色」歸納一覽表 25 表2-3「教學領導的變遷」彙整表 27 表2-4「教學領導者的角色」一覽表 41 表2-5「教學領導任務工作及行為」一覽表 44 表3-1臺北縣國小規模及抽樣樣本之結構統計表 57 表3-2正式問卷取樣對象個人背景資料一覽表 58 表3-3角色知覺之問卷初稿內容 60 表3-4教學領導行為之問卷初稿內容 62 表3-5學者專家名單 65 表3-6「國民小學學年主任角色知覺調查問卷」專家內容效度分析 66 表3-7「國民小學學年主任教學領導行為調查問卷」專家內容效度分析 67 表3-8預試問卷取樣對象收發一覽表 68 表3-9「角色知覺量表」項目分析摘要表 70 表3-10「教學領導行為量表」項目分析摘要表 71 表3-11「角色知覺」各面向信度分析表 72 表3-12「教學領導行為」各面向信度分析表 73 表4-1臺北縣國民小學學年主任角色知覺量表之摘要表 78 表4-2臺北縣國民小學學年主任角色知覺量表各題項之分析摘要表 80 表4-3不同「性別」之臺北縣國小學年主任角色知覺之t 考驗分析摘要表 81 表4-4不同「年齡」之學年主任角色知覺變異數分析摘要表 82 表4-5不同「教育程度」之學年主任角色知覺變異數分析摘要表 83 表4-6不同「服務年資」之學年主任角色知覺變異數分析摘要表 85 表4-7不同「學年主任年資」之學年主任角色知覺變異數分析摘要表 87 表4-8不同「擔任學年主任方式」之學年主任角色知覺變異數分析摘要表 89 表4-9不同「任教年級」學年主任角色知覺變異數分析摘要表 91 表4-10不同「學校規模」學年主任角色知覺變異數分析摘要表 93 表4-11不同「學校校齡」學年主任角色知覺變異數分析摘要表 94 表4-12不同「學校所在地區」之臺北縣國小學年主任角色知覺之t考驗分析摘要表 95 表4-13臺北縣國民小學學年主任教學領導行為量表之摘要表 97 表4-14臺北縣國民小學學年主任教學領導行為量表各題項之分析摘要表 99 表4-15不同「性別」之臺北縣國小學年主任教學領導行為之t 考驗分析摘要表 100 表4-16不同「年齡」之學年主任教學領導行為變異數分析摘要表 102 表4-17不同「教育程度」之學年主任教學領導行為變異數分析摘要表 104 表4-18不同「服務年資」之學年主任教學領導行為變異數分析摘要表 106 表4-19不同「學年主任年資」之學年主任教學領導行為變異數分析摘要表 108 表4-20不同「擔任學年主任之方式」之學年主任教學領導行為變異數分析摘要表 111 表4-21不同「任教年級」之學年主任教學領導行為變異數分析摘要表 114 表4-22不同「學校規模」之學年主任教學領導行為變異數分析摘要表 116 表4-23不同「學校校齡」之學年主任教學領導行為變異數分析摘要表 117 表4-24不同「學校所在地區」之臺北縣國小學年主任教學領導行為之t 考驗分析摘要表 119 表4-25學年主任角色知覺與教學領導行為之相關分析摘要表 120 表4-26學年主任角色知覺各面向對於「教學支援」面向之多元迴歸分析摘要 122 表4-27學年主任角色知覺各面向對於「溝通協調」面向之多元迴歸分析摘要 123 表4-28學年主任角色知覺各面向對於「問題解決」面向之多元迴歸分析摘要 124 表4-29學年主任角色知覺各面向對於「關懷鼓勵」面向之多元迴歸分析摘要 125 表4-30學年主任角色知覺各面向對於「激勵啟發」面向之多元迴歸分析摘要 126 表4-31學年主任角色知覺各面向對於「整體」面向之多元迴歸分析摘要 126 表4-32不同背景變項對角色知覺之差異情形一覽表 128 表4-33不同背景變項對教學領導行為之差異情形一覽表 133 表4-34角色知覺各向度與教學領導行為各向度之關聯情形摘要表 138 表4-35角色知覺對教學領導行為各層面預測力摘要表 140 圖次 圖2-1Bossert, Dwyer, Rowan & Lee的教學領導架構圖 32 圖2-2Snyder的教學領導模式圖 34 圖2-3Hallinger & Murphy的教學領導模式圖 36 圖2-4Murphy的教學領導模式圖 37 圖3-1研究架構圖 53[[note]]學號: 797720264, 學年度: 9

實施探究教學對學生數學焦慮的影響

[[abstract]]本研究是透過行動研究探討實施探究教學對學生數學焦慮的影響，研究者 以自己任教的二個國中一年級班級作為研究對象，兩班人數分別是32 人與34 人。本研究採用行動研究法，透過三個階段的循環，呈現實施探究教學的歷程。 蒐集資料的類型包含質性與量化資料兩種類型，質性資料以教學錄影、教學日誌 來記錄教學活動的進行以及教學心得與反思，此外也收集學生的學習單與訪談資 料。量化資料則以SPSS12.0 進行「數學焦慮量表」之前、中、後測資料的重複 量數分析。 研究發現與結論：（一）探究教學能提昇學生學習數學的信心。從「數學焦 慮量表」與晤談的資料可發現，多數學生在實施探究教學後，認為自己有信心學 好數學。（二）探究教學能減輕學生的數學焦慮。數學焦慮的前測資料分析顯示， 學生存在中等程度的數學焦慮，但中測資料已呈現整體焦慮下降的情況。再將數 學焦慮之前、中、後測資料進行重複量數分析，發現達到顯著差異，顯示探究教 學確實降低了學生的數學焦慮。（三）探究教學需要長時間的嘗試、修正與精鍊

optimal control of an M/M/2 queueing system with finite capacity operating under the triadic (0,Q,N,M) policy

本篇論文討論有限容量為L的M/M/2排隊系統含有兩個可移動服務站之最佳控制，其中控制決策為(0, Q, N, M)-方策。我們假設顧客到達率服從卜瓦松過程;而服務站服務顧客的時間則呈現負指數分佈。所謂(0, Q, N, M)-方策，是指當系統中顧客數目累積到N時，一個服務站立即被開啟並提供服務，之後，當系統中的顧客數目繼續增加至M，則第二個服務站也立即被開啟並提供服務。然而，當兩個服務站皆正在運作當中，而系統中的顧客數目卻減少至Q時，即立刻關閉一個服務站。此時只剩下一個服務站正在提供服務，若此時的顧客數目繼續減少至0，則服務站立即被完全關閉。直到上面所述的情況發生，服務站才會重新被開啟並提供服務。我們首先求出其穩態解並計算其系統特徵值。其次，證明(0, Q, N, M) -方策之下的M/M/2排隊系統會比下列兩個排隊系統更一般化：(i)標準M/M/2排隊系統; (ii) N方策M/M/1排隊系統。最後，我們建立一個單位時間的總成本函數，然後決定出控制參數(Q, N, M)的最佳解 ，使成本函數達到最小值。In this thesis, we study the controllable M/M/2 queueing system with finite capacity L operating under the triadic (0, Q, N, M) policy, where L is the maximum capacity of the system.Customers arrive following a Poisson process and the service times are assumed to have the negative exponential distribution. The triadic (0, Q, N, M) policy means that we turn one server on when the number of customers waiting for service reaches N. At a later time, when the number of customers waiting for service increases to M(N<M), then the other server will also active instantly. However, if the number of customers in the system decreases to Q while both servers are active simultaneously, the server just finishing service is removed from the system at that time. Furthermore, if the number of customers in the system reaches to zero while one server is active, that server is turned off until the above conditions are occurred again. We first develop the steady-state analytic solutions in neat-closed form expressions and calculate the steady-state characteristics of the system. Next, we show that the controllable M/M/2 queueing system with finite capacity L operating under the triadic (0, Q, N, M) policy generalizes (i) the ordinary M/M/2 queueing system; and (ii) the controllable M/M/1 queueing system operating under the N policy. Finally, we construct the total expected cost function per unit time to determine the optimal value of the decision variables (Q, N, M) at minimum cost.1.Introduction ................................................1 1.1.Problem statement..........................................2 1.2.Literature review .........................................3 1.3.The scope of the study ....................................4 2.Steady-State Results ........................................5 1.4.Definition of the operating policy ........................5 1.5.Assumptions of the system .................................6 1.6.Steady-state solutions ....................................6 1.7.Probability generating functions ..........................9 1.8.Computation for , , and ...............................12 1.9.System characteristics ...................................13 1.10.Special cases of the system .............................15 3.Optimal Triadic (0,Q,N,M) Policy ...........................18 3.1.Computations for E[I], E[B1], E[B2], and E[C] ............19 3.2.Determine the optimal operating policy ...................20 4.Conclusions and Future Research ............................25 4.1.Conclusions ..............................................25 4.2.Future research ..........................................25 References ...................................................2

[[alternative]]Multichannel piezoelectric crystal detection system with principal component analysis for air pollutants from PVC plants

[[abstract]]Piezoelectric(PZ) quartz crystal is well-known to be sensitive to pressure exerted on its surface. The vibrational frequency of an oscillating piezoelectric quartz crystal decreases when a foreign substrance is adsorbed onto its surface. This phenomenon enables us to detect the characteristics of the substance. In this study, a multi-channel piezoelectric quartz crystal gas detection system with various organic material coated quartz crystals and a home-made computer interface for data processing were prepared and employed to detect various organic pollutants from PVC plants such as methanol, formic acid, propionaldehyde, carbon disulfide and N,N-dimethyl formamide. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was than applied to analyze the signals from each channel with each coating material, and the appropriate coating materials for organic pollutants were selected. After performing PCA assay, the data set obtained from 29 piezoelectric crystal sensors for 5 analytes and the first three factors of the reduced set explained 98.66﹪of the variation. Six representative coating materials such as C60/PPA, Polyethylene glycol, Nafion, Triphenyl phosphine, Cryptand-22 and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone were selected. Five vaporized organic pollutants, Methanol、Formic acid、Propionaldehyde、Carbon disulfide and N,N-Dimethyl formamide could be effectively distinguished from PCA Scores Map generated by employing factor 1(PRIN1) as the x-axis and factor 2(PRIN2) as the y-axis. Furthermore, since different evaporated organic molecules tend to have distinguishing profile discrimination maps, profile discrimination maps can be used as finger-prints for distinction. Effects of coating load, concentration and interference of water were also investigated and discussed. The result of multi-channel piezoelectric quartz crystal gas detection system showed the good detection limit, but the detection with some coating materials such as Polyvinyl pyrrolidone was found to be interfered by water. The relationship between concentration and profile discrimination maps of organic mixtures with methanol, carbon disulfide, propionaldehyde and N,N-dimethyl formamide detected by the six-channel piezoelectric detection system were also probed and discussed afterward in this study. By comparing the signal intensity of specific axis in profile discrimination maps of the organic mixtures, specific gases could be identified. The multichannel piezoelectric crystal detection system developed in this study can be potentially expected to be applied for organic pollutants from other polymer industrial plants.

The high salinity-induced changes of protein profile and the identification of related proteins in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.

中 文 摘 要 冰花為一耐鹽模式植物，其在幼苗期無法忍受高鹽環境，到成年期時則可適應高鹽環境，且屬於誘導型景天酸代謝植物。本論文主要是探討冰花遭遇鹽逆境時，根部及葉部蛋白質圖譜的變化，且針對負責儲存過多鹽離子的特化細胞-腎型細胞的蛋白圖譜以及細胞間質蛋白圖譜進行分析，並鑑定其主要蛋白質以及鹽誘導蛋白質身份，藉以了解高等植物的耐鹽機制。 首先分析根部及葉部的鹽誘導蛋白質。分別萃取200 mM NaCl處理下不同時間點的總蛋白質進行二維電泳分析，比較蛋白質圖譜在不同時間點下的變化。在根部中，有33個蛋白質點累積量有變化，其中50%為鹽誘導蛋白質，有3個蛋白質點為鹽誘導下新合成蛋白。在葉片中，則有35個蛋白質點累積量有變化，其中60%為鹽誘導蛋白質，有3個蛋白質點為鹽誘導下新合成蛋白。這些鹽誘導蛋白在一般環境下也會持續表現，而在高鹽環境下其累積量增加，推測這些鹽誘導蛋白具有維持細胞基本運作的功能，而在高鹽環境下則可幫助適應逆境。另外在葉部的蛋白質圖譜改變可能和葉片由C3轉變成CAM光合作用有關。 在腎形細胞中，有25個蛋白質點在加鹽處理後有累積量的變化，其中四個蛋白質點累積量增加最為明顯。選取腎形細胞蛋白質主要的蛋白質點以及在鹽逆境下增加最明顯的蛋白質點，經由LC-MS/MS分析，並結合蛋白質N端定序的結果，與蛋白質資料庫進行比對以鑑定蛋白質身份。根據鑑定結果顯示，鹽逆境下腎形細胞蛋白質點累積量增加最明顯的蛋白質為PR-10 protein及phosphoglycerate kinase，推測醣解作用負責提供區隔鈉離子所需的能量。在腎形細胞液泡中的主要蛋白質酶應為cysteine proteinase；而腎形細胞中主要的蛋白質還包含V-type proton-ATPase subunit E，維持質子梯度以提供Na+/ H+ antiporter運送鈉離子進入液泡，以及具有抑制病原菌生長能力的PR-5和PR-10。 另外以冰花癒傷組織為材料，探討鹽逆境下細胞間質蛋白組成變化。結果顯示細胞間質蛋白大部份為鹼性蛋白質，其中20及23 kDa protein在含鹽環境下易釋出。選取細胞間質蛋白質以MALDI-TOF MS分析，並結合蛋白質N端定序的結果，與蛋白質資料庫進行比對以鑑定蛋白質身份。根據鑑定結果細胞間質蛋白質包含fiddlehead-like protein，sodium symporter family protein，chitinase (PR-8 protein)，以及兩種PR-5 proteins。Fiddlehead-like protein以及PR proteins 都具有抗菌的功能，而PR-5 proteins在含鹽環境下易釋出，推測此機制可幫助植物在逆境下抵抗病原菌入侵。 根據以上結果推測，在鹽逆境下腎型細胞中的醣解作用速率增加，以提供較多能量幫助ATPase維持質子梯度，以提供Na+/ H+ antiporter運送鈉離子進入液泡，避免產生離子毒害。此外在鹽逆境下，植物增加PR proteins的累積量，可幫助抵抗病原菌入侵。Abstract Mesembryanthemum crystallinum exhibits model characters for studying inducing response to salt stress. In this study, we focused on the salt-induced changes of protein profile in roots and leaves of M. crystallinum. The epidermal bladder cells, specialized cells of ice plant, are responsible for the sequestration of large amounts of sodium and chloride ions under high salt condition. The main focus of this thesis is to study the salt-induced changes of protein profile in bladder cells and to identify the major proteins of bladder cells that would help to illustrate the salt-tolerant mechanism of ice plant. Total proteins were extracted from 0 or 3-day 200 mM NaCl treated roots or from 0, 3, or 7-day 200 mM NaCl treated leaves and were analyzed by 2-DE. The accumulation of thirty-three protein spots in roots were changed under salt treatment. Among them, 50% were salinity-induced polypeptides and three novel spots were found. The accumulation of thirty-five protein spots in leaves were change under salt treatment. Among them, 60% were salinity-induced polypeptides and three novel spots were found. These proteins were constitutively accumulated under no stress condition and the amount increased under high salinity condition suggesting proteins involved in maintaining basic cellular functions may also play roles in adaptation to salt. The most prominent salt-induced changes is the switches from C3 to CAM photosynthesis and the changes of leaf protein profiles under salt stress are most likely linked to this metabolic transition. The proteins isolated from bladder cells were analyzed by 2-DE gel. The protein profile change of the bladder cells under high salt condition identified 25 spots. Four spots were significantly increased by salt treatment. The identity of the salinity-induced spots and the major spots in bladder cells were identified by LC-MS/MS and N-terminal sequences. We successfully identified ten abundant proteins from bladder cells protein extracts. The major spots were cysteine proteinase, V-type proton-ATPase subunit E, PR-5 and PR-10. The salinity-induced spots were phosphoglycerate kinase and PR10. The result showed the major protease in vacuole of bladder cells was cysteine proteinase. The accumulation of PR proteins in bladder cells would help to resist pathogens infection. The V-type proton-ATPase established the proton gradient to uptake sodium through the Na+/ H+ antiporter. The changes of intercellular protein under salt stress would mimic the effect of salt stress during the secretion process in intact plants. Two polypeptide in 20 kDa and 23 kDa were showed up in the salt containing buffer. The identity of the salinity-induced bands and the major bands of intercellular proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and N-terminal sequences. The identifications of intercellular protein were fiddlehead-like protein, sodium symporter family protein, chitinase (PR-8), and two PR-5 proteins. The PR-5 proteins were only showed under the extraction buffer containing salt suggesting the PR proteins were quickly released to help defense the pathogens infection when external environment encountered high salinity. This study showed induction of vacuolar H+-ATPase and the glycolytic enzymes under high salinity condition. The results indicate efficient generation of H+ gradient is an important factor for salt tolerance in this halophyte. In addition to maintain ion homeostasis, epidermal bladder cells also act as the first line of defense against pathogens. The accumulation of PR proteins in extracellular space of plants or cells provides an active defense mechanism for pathogens.Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..I Abstract of Chinese………………………………………………………………….III Catalog……………………………………………………………………….. Ⅳ Catalog of tables……………………………………………………………………VI Catalog of figures……………………………………………………………………. VII Introduction…………………………………………………………….………………..1 Soil salinity…………….…………………………………………………………..1 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L……………………..…..……………………2 The application of proteomics……..…………………………...………………….2 Pathogenesis-related protein family…………….…………………………………6 Materials and methods………………….…………………………………………….11 Material.…….…………………………………………………………………….11 (A) Growth of plants……………...………………………………………...11 (B) Callus culture……………………...……………………………………12 Methods…………………………………………….…………………………….13 (A) Protein extraction……………..…………….………………………….13 a. Total protein extraction …………………...……………………….13 b. Bladder cell protein extraction………………………………..……13 c. Intercellular protein extraction (A)………………..…………...…..13 d. Intercellular protein extraction (B)…………….…………………..14 e. Phenol extraction of total soluble protein…………………………14 (B) Electrophoresis…………………………………………………………15 a. PAGE……………………………………………………..…..….15 I SDS-PAGE…………………………………………...……….15 II Tricine SDS-PAGE…………………………………………..16 b. Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis….……………………………...17 I Isoelectric focusing………………………….………………..17 i Sample directly rehydration………………………….17 ii Apply sample after gel rehydration…….…………….17 iii Ettan IPGphor cup loading……………..…………….18 II Second dimension……………………………………………18 (C) Western blot……….……………………………………………….....18 (D) In gel trypsin digestion…………..…………………………….……….19 (E) N-terminal amino acid sequence sample prepare…………..……..……20 (F) Protein identification MALDI-TOF………..………………………....21 (G) Protein identification……..……………………………………….…....22 (H) Yeast growth assay……………………………………………………..22 Result……………………...………………………………………………………..…..24 (A) High salinity-induced changes of protein profile in roots……...………………..24 (B) High salinity-induced changes of protein profile in leaves……………………...25 (C) Protein profile in epidermal bladder cells……………………………………...25 (D) Protein profile of bladder cells under salt stress……………………………...….27 (E) Protein profile of intercellular protein…………………………………...………28 (F) Identify basic intercellular proteins by high salt extraction…………………...…29 (G) Comparison of three IEF separation methods….……………..………………….30 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………..…….32 The high salinity-induced proteins in roots of ice plant……………..…………………32 The high salinity-induced protein in leaves of ice plant……………………………....32 The function of the identified proteins in bladder cells ……………..………...…….....33 The function of PR proteins under high salt treatment in ice plant…………………….36 E.Referance………………………………………………………..……………………39 F.Appendix……………………………………………………………………………7

Optimization of the multiple-vacation machine repair problem with an unreliable repairman

本篇論文研究在具有多個休假的M/M/1機器修理問題中，考慮單一不可靠的修理人員。我們假設機器故障時間及服務時間皆呈指數分配。一旦系統中沒有故障機器時，修理人員會離開系統進行一個指數時間的假期。當修理人員從假期返回時，如果有故障的機器在系統中等待，他會馬上服務機器直到沒有壞掉的機器;否則，他會繼續另一個假期。修理人員的故障時間及修理時間皆假設服從指數分配。首先，我們運用矩陣分析法導出穩態的機率，並提供不同的系統執行測度之數值。接著，我們建立一個每單位時間內每台機器的期望成本函數，利用直接搜尋法和牛頓法來決定最佳機器數、服務率與休假率。This thesis studies the multiple-vacation M/M/1 machine repair problem with an unreliable repairman. We assume that failure and service times distributions of the machines are exponentially distributed. Once the system is empty, the repairman leaves the system taking a vacation of exponential length. At the end of a vacation, if there is at least one failed machines waiting for service, he must serve the machines immediately until there are no failed machines in the system; otherwise, he will take another vacation. Suppose that breakdown and repair times of the repairman are exponentially distributed. First, we apply a matrix-analytic method to derive the steady-state probabilities, and provide the numerical results of various system performance measures. Next, we construct the expected cost function per machine per unit time. We use the direct search method and the Quasi-Newton method to determine the optimal values of operating machines, service rate, and vacation rate.Contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………1 1.1 Problem statement………………………………………………2 1.2 Literature review………………………………………………3 1.3 Scope of the study ……………………………………………5 2. Steady-State Results………………………………………………6 2.1 Assumptions of the system……………………………………6 2.2 Steady-state equations ………………………………………8 2.3 Matrix-analytic solutions……………………………………9 2.4 System performance measures ………………………………13 2.5 Numerical results ……………………………………………14 3. Cost Analysis………………………………………………………18 3.1 Cost function …………………………………………………18 3.2 Direct search method…………………………………………19 3.3 Quasi-Newton method …………………………………………23 3.3.1 Searching the optimal values of (μ,ν) …………24 4. Conclusions and Future Research………………………………26 4.1 Conclusions ……………………………………………………26 4.2 Future research ………………………………………………26 Reference………………………………………………………………2