Public Awareness toward Palliative Care: Integrative Literature Review

Background: Public awareness toward palliative care is playing a very important role in demanding various palliative care resources in different countries. A comprehensive assessment of public awareness toward palliative care is needed in order to intervene appropriately according to the public needs in this matter.Purpose: To assess current level of public awareness towards palliative care.Method: An integrative literature review design was utilized. CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE were searched. The following keywords (palliative care, general public, awareness, knowledge) were used in combination and/or mesh. After removing the duplicate articles and applying the inclusion criteria, a total of eight articles were retrieved to be considered the core of this review. Findings: There is a strong relationship between public awareness and the length of establishment of palliative care in different countries (Northern Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, & Australia). Also, it can be inferred that there is a highly public awareness of palliative care whenever there is a national guidelines and programs well established to enhance palliative care (New Zealand & Australia). Contrariwise, limited public awareness is reflected in countries where the concept of palliative care is relatively new (India). Conclusion: Demanding palliative care resources is highly connected to public awareness. Implication: Raising public awareness must be taken into consideration within international strategies for palliative care, that requires the concept of palliative care to be brought forward and integrated within the delivery of health care systems, palliative care services, and policy.Recommendations: Future researchers should assess the current level of knowledge and factors contribute to public awareness; due to scarcity of research literature related to public awareness toward palliative care.Policy makers should be urged to develop a national guidelines or methods to increase the public awareness towards palliative care. Keywords: Palliative care, General public, Awareness, knowledge

Nutrient Chemo Prevent to Enhance Cancer Prevention: A Review

Introduction: Nutrients Chemoprevention is dietary compounds to reduce the incidence of cancer, and the dietary compounds could be fibers, nutrients, or vitamins.Purpose: the aim of this integrative literature review to determine effect of nutrients chemo-prevents to reduce risk of cancer.Design: integrative literature review.Method: the electronic databases of CINAHL with full text MEDLINE with full text for article published between 2009 and 2014.Finding: most of nutrients chemo prevents reduce risk some type of cancer. Conclusion: review the nutrients chemo prevents enhance cancer prevention and reduce risk of cancer, so all of country's must be educate the people about the important the nutrition to prevent cancer and enhance health care provider to apply this finding when they make education for the patient or clients, and this topic need more study to become evidence based practice. Keywords: Chemo Prevent, Cancer Prevention, Dietary Intake

Characterisation of human bronchial epithelial response to injury and identification of potential resident progenitor cells in vitro

As the first line of defence against external stimuli, the airway epithelium undergoes frequent injury during an adult life. This is countered by repair mechanisms that ensure the integrity of the epithelium. It has been established that there are resident stem/progenitor cells localized within specific niches throughout the respiratory tract. Stem/progenitor cells are activated according to the severity of the insult and are thought to be responsible for repairing the airway epithelium. It has been difficult to isolate those stem cells. In this study, an in vitro human bronchial epithelial model was adapted and characterised. In culture, a pseudostratified epithelium was observed, with basal, ciliated, and secretory cells. Mucus production was also seen in this model. A scrape-wound of the model was employed to study the responses of the airway epithelium to injury. It was observed that migration and then proliferation, of CD44 expressing basal cells, are the first events that take place after scrape-wounding. Up-regulation of CD44 was also observed at the edge of the wounds early post-wounding. This suggested a key role for CD44-expressing basal cells in migration and proliferation after wounding, also suggesting this population may contain a progenitor cell population. Investigation of the secretory profile of the airway epithelium post-wounding revealed an increase in a number of cytokines and growth factors. In particular, IL-6, IL-8, ENA-78, and RANTES were all elevated compared with unwounded cultures. A side population (SP) was identified in differentiated and undifferentiated human bronchial epithelial cells in at least some cultures accounting for 0.1-1.15% of cells present. In summary, the epithelium is important in airway wound repair with basal cells appearing to contain the progenitor population in this human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) model. Moreover, SP studies suggested the presence of SP in at least some cultures, which might contribute to airway regeneration. The secretory profile of the airway epithelium post-wounding indicates up-regulation of specific cytokines, which may be important in the pathogenesis of lung diseases such as asthma and COPD. This model should prove useful to assess wound repair pathways and may be of use in the future for proof of concept studies on novel therapeutic agents

Characterisation of human bronchial epithelial response to injury and identification of potential resident progenitor cells in vitro

As the first line of defence against external stimuli, the airway epithelium undergoes frequent injury during an adult life. This is countered by repair mechanisms that ensure the integrity of the epithelium. It has been established that there are resident stem/progenitor cells localized within specific niches throughout the respiratory tract. Stem/progenitor cells are activated according to the severity of the insult and are thought to be responsible for repairing the airway epithelium. It has been difficult to isolate those stem cells. In this study, an in vitro human bronchial epithelial model was adapted and characterised. In culture, a pseudostratified epithelium was observed, with basal, ciliated, and secretory cells. Mucus production was also seen in this model. A scrape-wound of the model was employed to study the responses of the airway epithelium to injury. It was observed that migration and then proliferation, of CD44 expressing basal cells, are the first events that take place after scrape-wounding. Up-regulation of CD44 was also observed at the edge of the wounds early post-wounding. This suggested a key role for CD44-expressing basal cells in migration and proliferation after wounding, also suggesting this population may contain a progenitor cell population. Investigation of the secretory profile of the airway epithelium post-wounding revealed an increase in a number of cytokines and growth factors. In particular, IL-6, IL-8, ENA-78, and RANTES were all elevated compared with unwounded cultures. A side population (SP) was identified in differentiated and undifferentiated human bronchial epithelial cells in at least some cultures accounting for 0.1-1.15% of cells present. In summary, the epithelium is important in airway wound repair with basal cells appearing to contain the progenitor population in this human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) model. Moreover, SP studies suggested the presence of SP in at least some cultures, which might contribute to airway regeneration. The secretory profile of the airway epithelium post-wounding indicates up-regulation of specific cytokines, which may be important in the pathogenesis of lung diseases such as asthma and COPD. This model should prove useful to assess wound repair pathways and may be of use in the future for proof of concept studies on novel therapeutic agents