Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days:a longitudinal cohort study

BACKGROUND: This longitudinal cohort study aimed to investigate changes in migraine-related outcomes following COVID-19 infection and vaccination. METHODS: We identified 547 clinically diagnosed migraine patients from the Leiden Headache Center who kept a headache E-diary during the COVID-19 pandemic (February 2020 to August 2022). We sent a questionnaire to register their COVID-19 infection and/or vaccination dates. After applying inclusion criteria, n = 59 participants could be included in the infection analysis and n = 147 could be included in the vaccination analysis. Primary outcome was the change in monthly migraine days (MMD) between 1 month prior and 1 month post COVID-19 infection or vaccination. Secondary outcome variables were change in monthly headache days (MHD) and monthly acute medication days (MAMD). RESULTS:Vaccination against COVID-19 was associated with an increase in MMD (1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57-1.55; p &lt; 0.001), MHD (1.52; 95% CI = 0.91-2.14; p &lt; 0.001) and MAMD (0.72; 95% CI = 0.33-1.12; p &lt; 0.001) in the first month post-vaccination. COVID-19 infection solely increased the number of MAMD (1.11; 95% CI = 0.10-1.62; p &lt; 0.027), but no statistically significant differences in MMD or MHD were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings imply that vaccination against COVID-19 is associated with an increase in migraine, indicating a possible role of inflammatory mediators in migraine pathophysiology.</p

sj-jpg-1-cep-10.1177_03331024231198792 - Supplemental material for Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days: a longitudinal cohort study

Supplemental material, sj-jpg-1-cep-10.1177_03331024231198792 for Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days: a longitudinal cohort study by Britt W. H. van der Arend, Mirthe M. Bloemhof, Alle G. van der Schoor, Erik W. van Zwet PhD, Gisela M. Terwindt in Cephalalgi

sj-jpg-2-cep-10.1177_03331024231198792 - Supplemental material for Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days: a longitudinal cohort study

Supplemental material, sj-jpg-2-cep-10.1177_03331024231198792 for Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days: a longitudinal cohort study by Britt W. H. van der Arend, Mirthe M. Bloemhof, Alle G. van der Schoor, Erik W. van Zwet PhD, Gisela M. Terwindt in Cephalalgi

sj-jpg-1-cep-10.1177_03331024231198792 - Supplemental material for Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days: a longitudinal cohort study

Supplemental material, sj-jpg-1-cep-10.1177_03331024231198792 for Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days: a longitudinal cohort study by Britt W. H. van der Arend, Mirthe M. Bloemhof, Alle G. van der Schoor, Erik W. van Zwet PhD, Gisela M. Terwindt in Cephalalgi

sj-jpg-2-cep-10.1177_03331024231198792 - Supplemental material for Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days: a longitudinal cohort study

Supplemental material, sj-jpg-2-cep-10.1177_03331024231198792 for Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days: a longitudinal cohort study by Britt W. H. van der Arend, Mirthe M. Bloemhof, Alle G. van der Schoor, Erik W. van Zwet PhD, Gisela M. Terwindt in Cephalalgi