Laser Interference Lithography

In this chapter we explain how submicron gratings can be prepared by Laser Interference Lithography (LIL). In this maskless lithography technique, the standing wave pattern that exists at the intersection of two coherent laser beams is used to expose a photosensitive layer. We show how to build the basic setup, with special attention for the optical aspects. The pros and cons of different types of resist as well as the limitations and errors of the setup are discussed. The bottleneck in Laser Interference Lithography is the presence of internal reflection in the photo-resist layer. These reflections can be reduced by the use of antireflection coatings. However the thicknesses of these coatings depends on the angle of exposure and the material property or combination of materials in thin films. We show with some examples how to deal with this issue. Finally we show examples of more complex patterns that can be realized by multiple exposures

Monitoring the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension: A non-invasive approach

Vonk Noordegraaf, A. [Promotor]Boonstra, A. [Copromotor]Marcus, J.T. [Copromotor

To Justifie the Wayes of God to Men:Limits to the court's powers of interpretation

It has long been claimed in academic discussion that it should be possible for public interest organizations to initiate legal proceedings directly at an EU level. However, so it is argued, the only actor standing in the way of this development is the Court of Justice of the EU, as it has since 1963 interpreted EU law in such a way that it is in essence impossible for the public interest to defend itself before the Court. This presupposes a complete freedom for a court to determine which parties are able to address it. This complete freedom is however illogical, as the concept of standing, which is at issue here, is an important nexus in every legal order where historical and cultural developments meet. This PhD thesis attempts to provide insight into which factors actually limit a court, specifically the EU’s court, in interpreting standing requirements. By building on the work of Professor Feldman, the thesis argues that in the development of the European Economic Community into the European Union, it has always been an explicit choice by all parties involved to make it impossible for the Court to grant public interest organizations standing. However, I argue that when the Court sees and opportunity, when the Aarhus Convention and the Treaty of Lisbon enter into force, it uses these changed circumstances to give the public interest a chance. Not via a direct route, but by requiring Member States to make access to national courts as easy as possible