665 research outputs found
Past and future plant diversity of a coastal wetland driven by soil subsidence and climate change
On the island of Ameland (The Netherlands), natural gas has been extracted from a dune and salt marsh natural area since 1986. This has caused a soil subsidence of c. 1–25 cm, which can be used as a model to infer effects of future sea level rise. The aims of our study were (a) to relate the changes in the vegetation, and more specifically, in plant diversity, during the extraction period to soil subsidence and weather fluctuations, and (b) to use these relations to predict future changes due to the combination of ongoing soil subsidence and climate change. We characterised climate change as increases in mean sea level, storm frequency and net precipitation. Simultaneous observations were made of vegetation composition, elevation, soil chemistry, net precipitation, groundwater level, and flooding frequency over the period 1986–2001. By using multiple regression the changes in the vegetation could be decomposed into (1) an oscillatory component due to fluctuations in net precipitation, (2) an oscillatory component due to incidental flooding, (3) a monotonous component due to soil subsidence, and (4) a monotonous component not related to any measured variable but probably due to eutrophication. The changes were generally small during the observation period, but the regression model predicts large changes by the year 2100 that are almost exclusively due to sea level rise. However, although sea level rise is expected to cause a loss of species, this does not necessarily lead to a loss of conservancy valu
Tensor Products of Convex Cones, Part II: Closed Cones in Finite-Dimensional Spaces
In part I, we studied tensor products of convex cones in dual pairs of real
vector spaces. This paper complements the results of the previous paper with an
overview of the most important additional properties in the finite-dimensional
case. (i) We show that the projective cone can be identified with the cone of
positive linear operators that factor through a simplex cone. (ii) We prove
that the projective tensor product of two closed convex cones is once again
closed (Tam already proved this for proper cones). (iii) We study the tensor
product of a cone with its dual, leading to another proof (and slight
extension) of a theorem of Barker and Loewy. (iv) We provide a large class of
examples where the projective and injective cones differ. As this paper was
being written, this last result was superseded by a result of Aubrun, Lami,
Palazuelos and Pl\'avala, who independently showed that the projective cone
is strictly contained in the injective cone
whenever and are closed,
proper and generating, with neither nor a simplex cone. Compared to
their result, this paper only proves a few special cases.Comment: 21 page
The equivalence of several conjectures on independence of
We consider several conjectures on the independence of of the \'etale
cohomology of (singular, open) varieties over . The main
result is that independence of of the Betti numbers
for arbitrary varieties is equivalent to
independence of of homological equivalence for
cycles on smooth projective varieties. We give several other equivalent
statements. As a surprising consequence, we prove that independence of
of Betti numbers for smooth quasi-projective varieties implies the same result
for arbitrary separated finite type -schemes.Comment: 25 pages. Fixed typos and other minor correction
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Dominating varieties by liftable ones
Algebraic geometry in positive characteristic has a quite different flavour than in characteristic zero. Many of the pathologies disappear when a variety admits a lift to characteristic zero. It is known since the sixties that such a lift does not always exist. However, for applications it is sometimes enough to lift a variety dominating the given variety, and it is natural to ask when this is possible.
The main result of this dissertation is the construction of a smooth projective variety over any algebraically closed field of positive characteristic that cannot be dominated by another smooth projective variety admitting a lift to characteristic zero. We also discuss some cases in which a dominating liftable variety does exist
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