Globalization, Anthropological PerspectiveIran, Globalization and Violence

[…] As one example to discuss globalization I would like to bring to your honorable attention my own everyday life experience in my homeland, Iran. Of course I can only be selective in my examples, to cover only topics which would be relevant to today. Whenever I have had the occasion to discuss the term globalization in my classes, the general reaction of students has been one of delight, that is, their image of this word is positive. My students represent the view of some 70 % of the Irani..

Rouhani’s key: Symbols and Rituals in Iranian Presidential Elections 2013

Merging the three fields of anthropology of emotions, politics of emotions and anthropology of symbolism, we try to understand the coming to power of a figure in Iranian politics, who is no one but the actual president elected in 2013. With one symbol developed and used during the last days of his campaign, Rouhani did the impossible task of convincing the people, who had lost interest and trust in participating in elections, to go to the booths again and vote for him, a religious dignitary. Attention is paid to ritual as a specialized domain of religious experts. My claim is that focusing for a few days on one potent symbol, was a very efficient tactic to win this election.Fusionnant l’anthropologie et la politique des émotions avec l’anthropologie symbolique, nous entreprenons de comprendre l’arrivée au pouvoir d'une nouvelle figure dans la politique iranienne qui n’est autre que le président élu en 2013. Grâce à un symbole développé et utilisé pendant les ultimes jours de sa campagne, Rouhani est parvenu à convaincre les gens qui avaient perdu tout intérêt et confiance dans la participation aux élections de se rendre aux isoloirs à nouveau et voter pour lui, un dignitaire religieux. Une attention particulière est accordée dans cet article au rituel comme un domaine spécialisé des experts religieux, mon hypothèse étant que l’utilisation intense pendant un très court temps d’un symbole puissant a été une stratégie très efficace pour remporter cette élection

Effect of Zinc supplementation on child development: a systematic review and meta-analysis Protocol

Abstract Child development is one of the principal aspects of pediatrics. It is a multidimensional process, on which many factors may have different effects. Zinc is a nutritional trace element that has an essential rolein neuronal activity and, consequently, in brain development. Since Zinc deficiency is prevalent in developing countries, some clinical trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of zinc supplementation on child development. Thus, we decided to run a systematic review in this area to identify the effectiveness of zinc supplements on child development.This systematic review protocol will include randomized controlled trials studies (RCTs) in which zinc supplementation was used versus placebo or no intervention, zinc supplementation with other micronutrients versus the same micronutrients without zinc. We will evaluate the effect of zinc alone and zinc co-supplementation with iron on child development. We will search the Medline,Pubmed, EMBASE, ERIC, Psychinfo, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), clinicaltrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), ISRCTNRegistry CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus databases. The clinicaltrials.gov and the Cochrane Library website will also be searched for randomized trials which were registered and completedbut not published yet. Two researchers will independently screen titles and abstracts of citations and read the full texts of potentially relevant studies. The data extraction and quality assessment ofthe papers will be done independently. Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers in the above-mentioned steps will beresolved through discussion. We will report our findings based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and use the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias. We will aim to synthesize the results in a meta-analysis if the interventions are similar in methods. Based on the similarities and differences of primary studies, we will use the best statistical methods.This is a protocol of systematic Review and meta-analysis of the effect of zinc supplementation on child development.The strengths of this protocol after meta-analysis are as follows: ● We will identify the strengths and weaknesses of each study.● We will also study if zinc alone and zinc co-supplementation withiron are useful for improving child development in terms of their age, their nutritional status, dose of the zinc supplementation, type of the zinc supplementation (salt), duration of the intervention andiron or other nutrient co supplementations.● We will assume that the measures used for the outcome will be heterogeneous between studies. We know that each study has its own quantity. We will use the random effect models for these heterogeneous data

The Impact of Home Motor Affordances on Motor, Cognitive and Social Development of Young Children

The present study evaluated the influence of home motor affordances on motor, cognitive, and social development of young children. The sample consisted of 49 Iranian children, ages 24-42 months. The sample was randomly selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from a single community. Participant’s homes were assessed using the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development (AHEMD). The motor behavior of young child was measured with the Denver Developmental Screening Test, aspects of cognitive development (Total cognitive, Verbal IQ, and non-verbal IQ) were assessed using the Stanford-Binet scale, and finally, social development was measured by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Although no statistically significant correlations were found between Total AHEMD scores and motor development, there were significant and positive correlations for Total AHEMD with total cognitive development (.29), verbal IQ (.29), social development (.33), and socioeconomic status (SES) (.51). Also there was a significant relationship between the Play Materials subscale of the AHEMD with total cognitive development (.32), verbal IQ (.31), and social development (.35). In addition, there were significant differences between Total AHEMD score with parents who had an academic education. Our results suggest that motor affordances in the home can have a significant positive influence on a young child’s cognitive and social development

Effects of empowerment program on the burden of care in mothers of children with phenylketonuria

Objectives: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disease of children that need a lifelong diet for its treatment. Because of the high burden of care, Parents and particularly mothers are prone to mental disorders or psychiatric adverse reactions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of empowerment of mothers on the burden of caring children with phenylketonuria.Materials & Methods: This was a semi-experimental (before-after with control group) study. In this research, 50 mothers of children with phenylketonuria that were referred to endocrine clinic in Qods hospital of Qazvin city, were selected and randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Data collection was made by using demographic characteristics of mothers and children and also the Zarit burden interview questionnaires. Empowerment program was delivered during nine sessions of holistic and family oriented empowerment model in the intervention group.  The control group received routine services. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS software version 18.Results: In intervention group, the mean score of overall care burden and its dimensions in the mothers of children with phenylketonuria in post-test was significantly lower than the pre-test  (41.20 ± 5.04 vs. 58.24 ± 3.96; p<0. 001); but  pre-test and post-test scores in the control group had no significant difference (58.4 ± 5.22 vs. 58.96 ± 4; p=0.327). In other words empowerment program was able to reduce the burden of caring in mothers.Conclusion: Empowerment program can reduce the burden of care in mothers of children with phenylketonuria. Thus it seems that empowerment training is necessary to this group of mothers in the form of workshops and educational pamphlets

A Psychometric Study of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development in Persian Language Children

How to Cite This Article: Azari. N, Soleimani F, Vameghi R, Sajedi F, Shahshahani S, Karimi H, Kraskian A, Shahrokhi A, Teymouri R, Gharib M. A Psychometric Study of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development in Persian Language Children. Iran J Child Neurol. Winter 2017; 11(1):50-56.AbstractObjectiveBayley Scales of infant & toddler development is a well-known diagnostic developmental assessment tool for children aged 1–42 months. Our aim was investigating the validity & reliability of this scale in Persian speaking children.Materials & MethodsThe method was descriptive-analytic. Translation- back translation and cultural adaptation was done. Content & face validity of translated scale was determined by experts’ opinions. Overall, 403 children aged 1 to 42 months were recruited from health centers of Tehran, Iran during years of 2013- 2014 for developmental assessment in cognitive, communicative (receptive & expressive) and motor (fine & gross) domains. Reliability of scale was calculated through three methods; internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, test-retest and interrater methods. Construct validity was calculated using factor analysis and comparison of the mean scores methods.ResultsCultural and linguistic changes were made in items of all domains especially on communication subscale. Content and face validity of the test were approved by experts’ opinions. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was above 0.74 in all domains.Pearson correlation coefficient in various domains, were ≥ 0.982 in test retest method, and ≥0.993 in inter-rater method. Construct validity of the test was approved by factor analysis. Moreover, the mean scores for the different age groups were compared and statistically significant differences were observed between mean scores of different age groups, that confirms validity of the test.ConclusionThe Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development is a valid and reliable tool for child developmental assessment in Persian language children.References1. Boyle CA, Boulet S, Schieve LA, Cohen RA, Blumberg SJ, Yeargin-Allsopp M, et al. Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997–2008. Pediatrics 2011:peds. 2010-989.2. Sajedi F, Doulabi MA, Vameghi R, Baghban AA, Mazaheri MA, Mahmodi Z, et al. Development of Children in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Glob J Health Sci 2015 Dec 18;8(8):51251.3. Soleimani F, Vameghi R, Biglarian A, Rahgozar M. Prevalence of motor developmental disorders in children in Alborz Province, Iran in 2010. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2014 Dec 25;16(12):e16711.4. Soleimani F, Vameghi R, Biglarian A. Antenatal and Intrapartum Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy in Term and Near-term Newborns. Arch Iran Med 2013;16(4): 213 – 216.5. Soleimani F, Vameghi R, Biglarian A, Daneshmandan N : Risk factors Associated with Cerebral Palsy in Children Born in Eastern and Northern Districts of Tehran. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2010; 12 (4):428-432.6. Fischer VJ, Morris J, Martines J. Developmental Screening Tools: Feasibility of Use at Primary Healthcare Level in Low-and Middle-income Settings. J Health Popul Nutr 2014 Jun;32(2):314-26.7. Blauw-Hospers CH, Hadders-Algra M. A systematic review of the effects of early intervention on motor development. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005 Jun;47(6):421-32. 8. Nordhov SM, Ronning JA, Dahl LB, Ulvund SE, Tunby J, Kaaresen PI. Early intervention improves cognitive outcomes for preterm infants: randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2010 Nov;126(5):e1088-94.9. Bailey DB, Jr., Hebbeler K, Scarborough A, Spiker D, Mallik S. First experiences with early intervention: a national perspective. Pediatrics 2004 Apr;113(4):887-96.10. Raju TN, Higgins RD, Stark AR, Leveno KJ. Optimizing care and outcome for late-preterm (near-term) infants: a summary of the workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatrics 2006;118(3):1207-14.11. First LR, Palfrey JS. The infant or young child with developmental delay. N Engl J Med 1994 Feb 17;330(7):478-83.12. Dobrez D, Sasso AL, Holl J, Shalowitz M, Leon S, Budetti P. Estimating the cost of developmental and behavioral screening of preschool children in general pediatric practice. Pediatric 2001;108(4):913-22.13. Torras-Mana M, Guillamon-Valenzuela M, Ramirez-Mallafre A, Brun-Gasca C, Fornieles-Deu A. Usefulness of the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development, third edition, in the early diagnosis of language disorder. Psicothema 2014;26(3):349-56.14. Gladstone M, Lancaster GA, Jones A, Maleta K, Mtitimila E, Ashorn P, et al. Can Western developmental screening tools be modified for use in a rural Malawian setting? Arch Dis Child. 2008 Jan;93(1):23-9.15. Lipkin PH, Cartwright JD, Desch LW, Duby JC, Elias ER, Johnson CP, et al. Role of the medical home in family-centered early intervention services. Pediatrics 2007;120(5):1153-8.16. Johnson S, Marlow N. Developmental screen or developmental testing? Early Hum Dev 2006 Mar;82(3):173-83.17. Vameghi R, Sajedi F, Kraskian Mojembari A, Habiollahi A, Lornezhad HR, Delavar B. Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Validation and Standardization of Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) in Iranian Children. Iran J Public Health 2013 May 1;42(5):522-8.18. Shahshahani S, Vameghi R, Azari N, Sajedi F, Kazemnejad A. Validity and Reliability Determination of Denver Developmental Screening Test-II in 0-6 Year-Olds in Tehran. Iran J Pediatr 2010 Sep;20(3):313-22.19. Abubakar A, Holding P, Van Baar A, Newton C, van de Vijver FJ. Monitoring psychomotor development in a resourcelimited setting: an evaluation of the Kilifi Developmental Inventory. Ann Trop Paediatr 2008 Sep;28(3):217-26.20. Harris SR, Megens AM, Backman CL, Hayes VE. Stability of the Bayley II Scales of Infant Development in a sample of low-risk and high-risk infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005 Dec;47(12):820-3.21. Albers CA, Grieve AJ. Review of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. J Psychoeduc Assess 2007 Jun;25(2):180-190. DOI: 10.1177/0734282906297199. 22. Godamunne P, Liyanage C, Wimaladharmasooriya N, Pathmeswaran A, Wickremasinghe AR, Patterson C, et al. Comparison of performance of Sri Lankan and US children on cognitive and motor scales of the Bayley scales of infant development. BMC Res Notes 2014 May 16;7:300.23. Deroma L, Bin M, Tognin V, Rosolen V, Valent F, Barbone F, et al. [Interrater reliability of the Bayley III test in the Italian Northern-Adriatic Cohort II]. Epidemiol Prev 2013 Jul-Oct;37(4-5):297-302.24. Zakaria S, Seok CB, Sombuling A, Ahmad MS, Hashmi SI. Reliability and Validity for Malay Version of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-(Bayley- III): Preliminary Study. International Proceedings of Economics Development & Research 2012;40. 25. Yu YT, Hsieh WS, Hsu CH, Chen LC, Lee WT, Chiu NC, et al. A psychometric study of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development - 3rd Edition for term and preterm Taiwanese infants. Res Dev Disabil 2013 Nov;34(11):3875-83.26. Acton BV, Biggs WS, Creighton DE, Penner KA, Switzer HN, Thomas JHP, et al. Overestimating neurodevelopment using the Bayley-III after early complex cardiac surgery. Pediatrics 2011 Oct;128(4):e794-800.27. Anderson PJ, De Luca CR, Hutchinson E, Roberts G, Doyle LW. Underestimation of developmental delay by the new Bayley-III Scale. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010 Apr;164(4):352-6.28. Campbell SK, Zawacki L, Rankin KM, Yoder JC, Shapiro N, Li Z, et al. Concurrent validity of the TIMP and the Bayley III scales at 6 weeks corrected age. Pediatr Phys Ther 2013 Winter;25(4):395-401.29. Visser L, Ruiter SAJ, Van der Meulen BF, Ruijssenaars WAJJM, Timmerman ME. Validity and suitability of the Bayley-III Low Motor/Vision version: A comparative study among young children with and without motor and/or visual impairments. Res Dev Disabil 2013 Nov;34(11):3736-45.30. Soleimani F, Azari N, Vameghi R, Sajedi F, Shahshahani S, Karimi H, Kraskian A, Shahrokhi A, Teymouri R, Gharib M. Is the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Developmental Screening Test, valid and reliable for Persian speaking children? Iran J Pediatr 2016 October; 26(5):83-90

A Comparison Study of the Tehran Norms to the Reference Norms on Children Performance of the Bayley III

Objectives The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley III) assess cognitive, language, and motor development of children aged 1–42 months, and have been widely used globally. It is unclear whether or not the reference norms of the Bayley III are acceptable for use in other populations or lead to over or under-estimating development. The purpose of this study was to estimate the distribution of the Bayley scores by age in Persian speaking children and to compare the norms between Persian and reference norms. Materials & Methods We constructed Bayley III norms for cognitive, language, and motor scales using 1,674 typically developing children by consecutive sampling from health care centers. First cut-off point was determined, and then the scaled scores, based on Persian speaking and reference norms, were compared. The proportions of children with low scores (scoring less than -1SD and -2 SD) based on the two norms were compared, to identify over or under-referral for developmental delay resulting from reference norms. Results Scaled scores based on Persian norms varied across values based on reference norms on all subtests. The mean differences were significant across all five sub-tests (p < .05), with large effect sizes for receptive and expressive communication, fine and gross motor sub-tests of .20, .23, .14, and .25 respectively, and with small effect size for cognition sub-test of .02. Large effect sizes for all age groups were found for cognition, expressive communication, and fine motor sub-tests. For the receptive communication sub-test, effect sizes were generally large, with the exception of four age groups. For the gross motor sub-test, effect sizes were generally large, with the exception of six age groups. More children scored below 1 and 2 SD using the Persian norms and resulted in under-referral regarding cognitive, receptive and expressive communication, fine and gross motor skills. Conclusion The Persian norms differ from the reference norms for all sub-tests and these differences are clinically significant. The use of the reference norms leads to fewer referrals in all sub-scales and leads to fewer diagnoses of children with developmental delay. Population specific norms are required to identify children with low scores for referral and intervention

Birds, Love and Liberation in Tehran 2012

Introduction In order to identify the 480 different birds within 71 families, and the 27 rare birds – including migrant birds in Iran, one needs to use eyesight as much as auditory faculties. The appearance of a bird (its size, feather combination on various parts of the body including the tail), its behavior (on the ground, in trees, in water and in air), its habitat, its presence in various seasons, all of these are as important as the noises it makes as well as its voice and song. (Parande..

The congress From the point of view of the Third World

Shahshahani Soheila. The congress From the point of view of the Third World. In: Bulletin de l'Association française des anthropologues, n°14, Décembre 1983. XIe congrès international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques. pp. 28-29

The congress From the point of view of the Third World

Shahshahani Soheila. The congress From the point of view of the Third World. In: Bulletin de l'Association française des anthropologues, n°14, Décembre 1983. XIe congrès international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques. pp. 28-29