MATÉRIA SECA DE AVEIA EM CORTES SUCESSIVOS

A aveia é uma das principais forrageiras utilizadas na formação de pastagens de inverno, devido a sua alta produção de matéria seca, qualidade da forragem, tolerância a baixas temperaturas e baixo custo de produção. O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de matéria seca de diferentes cultivares de aveia em sucessivos cortes. O experimento foi conduzido a campo em uma área do Show Rural Coopavel, em Cascavel-PR, com parcelas de 1,2 m de largura por 5 m de comprimento, o plantio se deu na segunda quinzena de abril de 2010. Foram utilizadas sementes de 8 cultivares de aveia, que receberam adubação de base com fertilizante químico na fórmula 10-20-20 e dose de 250 kg ha-1, foram realizados 5 cortes e imediatamente após cada corte todas as parcelas receberam adubação nitrogenada na dose de 40 kg ha-1, sendo que o corte definitivo das parcelas simulou o pastejo natural dos bovinos. O delineamento experimental utilizado para o experimento foi blocos casualizados. A matéria seca de cultivares de ciclo longo, IAPAR 61 e IPR 126, se mostraram superiores as de ciclo precoce

Productivity and the presence of mycotoxins in oats, wheat, and triticale subjected to grazing

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, and presence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumã wheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 at UNIOESTE’s Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops and the B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazing reduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivity by 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by 54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground cover or partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affects the agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestock integration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat and IPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial production of grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs in the early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazing of winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climatic conditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption, grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone at levels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animals only after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains

Effect of Crotalaria juncea Linn. in the agronomic, economic, and energetic efficiency of succession crops under no-tillage

Estudou-se o efeito da crotalária júncea Crotalaria juncea Linn. na sucessão de culturas, como adubação verde de entressafra em sistema de sucessão de culturas, durante dez safras, no período de maio/1991 a março/1996. Para tanto, foram avaliados os rendimentos de grãos das culturas, as análises química e física do solo, população de plantas daninhas em dois períodos, além do balanço econômico e energético dos sistemas estudados. O experimento foi instalado em um solo classificado como Latossolo Roxo eutrófico, na Estação Experimental do IAP AR, no município de Palatina, PR. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, constituído por seis tratamentos, compostos das seguintes sucessões: T1. Milho-crotalária-trigo-soja, com 30 kg.ha-1 de N em cobertura no trigo. T2. Milho-crotalária-trigo-soja, com 60 kg.ha-1 de N em cobertura no trigo. T3. Milho-trigo-soja, com 30 Kg.ha-1 de N em cobertura no trigo. T4. Milho-crotalária-trigo-soja, sem cobertura no trigo. T5. Milho-trigo-soja, com 60 kg.ha-1 de N em cobertura no trigo. T6. Trigo-soja, com 30 kg.ha-1 de N em cobertura no trigo. A semeadura do adubo verde foi realizada após cada safra de milho, em cuja biomassa manejada com rolo-faca, foi realizada a semeadura do trigo. O preparo do solo consistiu nas operações de escarificação e gradagem nas duas primeiras safras de verão e semeadura direta nas safras de inverno, sendo que a partir do terceiro ano, todas semeaduras foram realizadas sob sistema de plantio direto. Pela análise dos resultados obtidos, detectou-se diferença estatística nos rendimentos de grãos de soja, milho e trigo em, pelo menos, uma das safras de cada espécie. Ainda, foi observado que a crotalária não atendeu as necessidades de nitrogênio da cultura do trigo que a sucedeu. Entretanto, na safra de inverno 1995, com a ocorrência de severo défice hídrico, o tratamento com crotalária sem N em trigo foi, estatisticamente, superior a todos os demais. A avaliação dos resultados da análise qmm1ca do solo, realizada no final do período experimental, foi detectado diferença estatística apenas para K, apesar dos teores médios de P, em todos os tratamentos, terem sido superiores aos amostrados na fase inicial do ensaio. A análise física do solo, apresentou significância para estabilidade dos agregados apenas na profundidade de 0-5 cm, apesar de ter sido detectado o aumento do teor de matéria orgânica ao longo dos anos. O levantamento de população de plantas daninhas em dois períodos evidenciou diferenças significativas, bem como o aumento da eficiência no manejo integrado de plantas daninhas, permitindo a redução do uso de herbicidas. A análise do balanço energético, constituído pela Eficiência Energética (EE) e Eficiência Cultural (EC) evidenciou diferenças estatísticas favoráveis para o tratamento T4. Milho-crotalária-trigo-soja, sem cobertura de N no trigo. Contudo, todos os tratamentos com adubação verde apresentaram tendência de superioridade no balanço energético, demonstrando que a utilização da crotalária contribuiu para a melhor eficiência energética dos sistemas agrícolas estudados. Com relação ao balanço econômico, sua análise não mostrou diferenças significativas entre as receitas líquidas acumuladas no final do período, sendo que os tratamentos com crotalária acumularam receita líquida média de R$2.299,00.ha-1 enquanto que os tratamentos T3 eT5 diferenciados apenas pela ausência da crotalária - apresentaram receita líquida média R$ 1.948,00.ha-1. Da mesma forma, a média das relações benefício/custo dos tratamentos com crotalária foram superiores comparado com a média das relações dos tratamentos sem o adubo verde. Considerando sustentabilidade do agroecossistema, os Sistemas T1 eT4, sucessões com crotalária, com 30 e 0 kg.ha-1. de N em cobertura no trigo, demonstraram serem mais adequados sob a maioria dos parâmetros analisados.The effect of crotalaria juncea ( Crotalaria juncea Linn.) in the crop succession, as green manure cultivated in between cash crops of the crop succession systems, during 1 O agriculture crops, in the period may/1991 to mar/1996 was studied. For these, the crops grain yield, the chemical and physical soil analysis, the weed population in two periods, besides the economic and energetic balance of the studied systems were evaluated. The experiment was established in a soil classified as Tipic Haplorthox (US Soil Taxonomy) at the IAPAR's Experiment Station of Palotina, PR. T1. Corncrotalaria-wheat-soybeans, with 30 kg.ha-1 of N as dressing on the wheat. T2 Corn-crotalaria-wheat-soybeans, with 60 kg.ha-1 of N as dressing on the wheat. T3 Corn-wheat-soybeans, with 30 kg.ha-1 of N as dressing on the wheat. T4 Corn-crotalaria-wheat-soybeans, without dressing on the wheat. T5. Corn-wheat-soybeans, with 60 kg.ha-1 of N as dressing on the wheat. T6. Wheat-soybeans, with 30 kg.ha-1 of N as dressing on the wheat. The Randomized Block Design, with four replications of the six treatments of the following successions were adopted: The sowing of green manure was made after each com crop, m which the biomass was managed with the knife-roll and the wheat sowing was made. The soil preparation consisted of the operations escarification and harrowing in the two first summer crops and zero till in the winter crops, with all sowings being under the zero till system begining in the third year. By the obtained results analysis, is was detected statistical differences in the grain yield of soybeans, corn, and wheat, in at least one of the crops of each species. It was observed that crotalaria did not funished the nitrogen needed by the succeding wheat crop. However, in the 1995 winter season, with the severe water deficit occurrence, the treatment with crotalaria without N, was statistically superior to all others. With the evaluation of chemical soil analysis, performed at the end of the experimental period, it was detected significative difference only for K, although the average leveis of P, were superior to the samples taken at the initial phase of the experiment. The physical soil analysis, showed significance for aggregate stability only at the 0-5 cm deph, besides the organic matter level being increased along the years. The weed population evaluation in two periods showed significative differences, as well as an increase in the efficiency of integrated weed management. allowing a reduction in the use of herbicides. The energetic balance analysis, constituted by the Energetic Efficiency (EE), and Cultural Efficiency (CE) has shown significant differences favorable to the treatment T4 Corn-crotalaria-wheat-soybeans, without N dressing in the wheat. However, all the green manure treatments presented superior tendency in the energetic balance, demonstrating that the utilization of crotalaria contributed to a better energetic efficiency of the agricultura! systems studied. ln relation to the economic balance, the analysis did not show significative differences among the net incarne accumulated at the end of the period, in which the treatments with crotalaria had a average net income of R$2.299,00.ha-1, while the treatments T3 and T5 - differentiated only by the absence of crotalaria presented average net income of R$ 1 .948,00. ha-1. ln the sarne way, the ratio mean benefit/cost of treatments with crotalaria was upper compared to treatments without the green manure. Considering the agrosystem sustentability, the system T1 and T4, sucession with crotalaria, with 30 and 0 kg. ha-1 of N as dressing fertilization in wheat, demonstrated to be the more adequated in all analysed parameters

Composição química, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e da energia de diferentes milhetos (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) em suínos Chemical composition, nutrients and energy digestibility of pearl millets (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) fed to growing pigs

Foram conduzidos dois ensaios de digestibilidade, objetivando-se estudar o valor nutricional de quatro diferentes milhetos (BN2, COMUM, IAPAR e IAPAR-REPASSE) processados em moinhos com três tipos de peneiras (diâmetros de furo de 3, 2 e 1 mm). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) da energia bruta (CDEB) e o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade (CM) da energia bruta (CMEB) relativos à peneira de 3 mm foram: 63,09 e 61,20% (COMUM); 71,57 e 69,66% (IAPAR) e 67,39 e 65,60% (BN2). Os CD e CM da energia do COMUM foram inferiores ao IAPAR e ambos foram semelhantes ao BN2. O IAPAR-REPASSE apresentou CDEB de 70,62% e CMEB de 68,49%, semelhante ao IAPAR. O IAPAR-1 mm apresentou maior CDEB e CMEB (84,61 e 81,41%) que o IAPAR-3 mm (70,59 e 68,71%) e o IAPAR-2 mm (77,73 e 75,46%). Os valores de energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) para o IAPAR (3 mm) foram de 3.030 kcal/kg e 3.001 kcal/kg, respectivamente. Verificou-se ED de 3.083 e 3.355 kcal/kg e EM de 2.993 e 3.228 kcal/kg para o IAPAR (2 e 1 mm). O IAPAR-REPASSE apresentou valores de 2.849 kcal/kg (ED) e 2.763 kcal/kg (EM), enquanto o COMUM (3 e 2 mm), de 2.574 e 3.022 kcal/kg (ED) e 2.497 e 2.932 kcal/kg (EM), e o BN2 (3 e 2 mm), de 2.692 e 3.047 kcal/kg (ED) e 2.620 e 2.966 kcal/kg (EM). As diferentes variedades de milheto apresentaram variações em sua composição química que resultaram em diferenças no valor nutricional, sendo o milheto IAPAR o que apresentou melhor valor, seguido pelo BN2 e o COMUM.<br>Two digestibility trials were carried out, to study the nutritional value of four types of pearl millet (BN2, Comum, Iapar and Iapar-Repasse), grounded through 3, 2, and 1 mm screen. The digestibility coefficient (DC) of gross energy (GEDC) and gross energy metabolization coefficient (GEMC) relative to 3 mm screen were: 63.09 and 61.20% (Comum); 71.57 and 69.66% (Iapar) and 67.39 and 65.60% (BN2). The GEDC and GEMC of COMUM were lower than IAPAR and both were similar to BN2. The IAPAR-REPASSE showed GEDC (70.62%) and GEMC (68.49%) similar to the Iapar. The Iapar- 1 mm (84.61 and 81.41%) showed higher GEDC and GEMC than Iapar-3 mm (70.59 e 68.71%) and Iapar-2 mm (77.73 e 75.46%). The values of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) for the Iapar (3 mm) were 3,030 kcal/kg and 3,001 kcal/kg, respectively. The IAPAR (2 and 1 mm) showed DE of 3,083 and 3,355kcal/kg and ME of 2,993 and 3,228 kcal/kg. The Iapar-Repasse showed the values of: 2,849 kcal/kg (DE) and 2,763 kcal/kg (ME). The COMUM (3 and 2 mm) showed values of: 2,574 and 3,022 kcal/kg (DE) and 2,497 and 2,932 kcal/kg (ME). The BN2 (3 and 2 mm) showed values of: 2,692 and 3,047 kcal/kg (DE); 2,620 and 2,966 kcal/kg (ME). The different pearl millets showed variations in chemical composition. The differences result in variations on nutritional values. The Iapar pearl millet, showed the best values, followed by BN2 and Comum

Structure and nutritive value of Coastcross -1 and “Arachis pintoi” mixed pasture, with or without nitrogen fertilization Estrutura e valor nutritivo da pastagem de Coastcross -1 consorciada com "Arachis pintoi", com e sem adubação nitrogenada

This trial was carried out to evaluate the production and quality of leaf blade (LB), sheath + green stem (SGS), dead material (DE) forage structural constituents of Coastcross and Arachis pintoi whole plant (WPA) mixed pasture, under grazing, during February 2003 and June 2004. The treatments CA0 = Coastcross + Arachis without N; CA100 = Coastcross + Arachis with 100 kg of N; CA200 = Coastcross + Arachis with 200 kg of N and C200 = Coastcross with 200 kg of N were distributed in a randomly block design, with two replicates. Pasture management was done through continuous grazing with variable stocking rate. Analyses of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and dry matter in vitro digestibility (DMIVD) were done to LB, SGS, and WPA. The production of structural constituents varied in agreement with total mass and forage. Coastcross SGS contributed for forage production, and the quality characteristics are acceptable for animal production. Treatments that received nitrogen presented the highest CP values, and similar NDF and DMIVD to treatments without nitrogen.Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a produção e composição química de forragem nos constituintes estruturais lâmina foliar (LF), bainha + colmo verde (BCV), material morto (MM) da Coastcross e da planta inteira de Arachis pintoi (AP) em consorciação sob pastejo no período de julho de 2003 a junho de 2004. Os tratamentos CA0=Coastcross + Arachis sem N; CA100=Coastcross + Arachis com 100 kg de N/ha/ano; CA200=Coastcross + Arachis com 200 kg de N/ha/ano e C200=Coastcross com 200 kg de N/ha/ano foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições. O manejo do pasto foi por meio de lotação contínua e carga animal variável. Foram realizadas as análises de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) da pastagem para LF, BCV e AP. As produções dos constituintes estruturais variaram de acordo com os períodos experimentais, e os tratamentos com adubação apresentaram valores superiores de LF, principalmente nos períodos de primavera e verão. Além da melhor composição nutricional indicada pelas LF e AP, a BCV da Coastcross expressou características qualitativas aceitáveis para produção animal. Os tratamentos que receberam nitrogênio apresentaram maiores valores de PB e teores semelhantes de FDN e DIVMS ao tratamento sem nitrogênio

Production and quality of coastcross conserted forage groundnut under nitrogen fertilization and different grazing layers Produção e qualidade da consorciação de coastcross com amendoim forrageiro adubada com nitrogênio em diferentes estratos sob pastejo

The objective was to evaluate the forage mass production and quality in the morphologic components in different layers of coastcross grass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers cv Coastcross-1) in consortium with forage Groundnut (Arachis pintoi Krapovikas y Gregory cv. Amarillo) with and without N fertilization. The treatments were: coastcross + forage groundnut without N (CA0); with 100kg/ha of N (CA100); with 200 kg/ha of N (CA200); and coastcross exclusively with 200kg/ha of N per year (C200) in the spring, summer and fall. It was used a randomized block design in a split plot. The layers were from zero to 7cm above the soil, 8 to 14cm, and above 15cm. In the lower layers there was higher total forage mass production. For the grass fractions there was no difference in the lower and higher layers however it was observed highter mass production with highest levels of fertilization. The senescent material was higher in fall. The intermediate layer showed superior values in the spring and fall compared to summer as a result of grazing in this layer be constituted of highest percentage of culms witch presented highest quality. The quality values were higher in treatments with nitrogen fertilization.Objetivou-se avaliar a massa de forragem e qualidade bromatológica dos componentes morfológicos nos diferentes estratos do pasto de coastcross (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers cv Coastcross-1) em consorcio com amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi Krapovikas y Gregory cv Amarillo) com e sem utilização de N. Os tratamentos foram: coastcross + amendoim forrageiro sem nitrogênio (CA0); com 100kg/ha de N (CA100); com 200kg/ha de N (CA200) e coastcross exclusiva com 200kg/ha de N por ano (C200) na primavera, verão e outono. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os estratos foram de zero a 7cm a partir do solo, de 8 a 14cm e acima de 15cm. Nos estratos inferiores verificou-se maior MF. Para as frações da gramínea não houve diferenças nos estratos mais baixos e altos, porém nos tratamentos com maiores níveis de adubação a massa de forragem foi superior. O material senescente foi superior no outono. O estrato intermediário apresentou valores superiores na primavera e outono comparados ao verão, consequência do pastejo deste estrato estar constituído de maior percentagem de colmos. O valor nutritivo foi superior nos tratamentos que receberam adubação nitrogenada

IPR 126 white oat forage potential under free growth, cutting and grazing at two management heights

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the structural characteristics, biomass accumulation, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of white oat (Avena sativa L. IPR 126) under different management systems. Grazing, cut at two heights (15 and 20 cm) and free growth were all evaluated in three periods (July, August and September) with a 28-day average interval between evaluations. In the free growth system, samples at 15 and 20 cm were also taken at the intervals chosen for cutting and grazing. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replications, arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial split plot design over time; systems of management and heights were the factors of plots, and time was taken as subplot. There was higher straw production under free growth, but, with decreased chemical quality from the first to the second period and from the second to the third one, with 236.4, 172.5, and 91.4 g/kg crude protein values, respectively. Regarding cutting and grazing systems, they showed structural changes in tillering, which was favored by the cut, but with some reduction in the periods. Nutritional quality values were close to cutting and grazing with high crude protein content (216.6 g/kg), adequate neutral detergent fiber (535.4 g/kg) content and high in vitro digestibility of dry matter (826.3 g/kg). Management heights promoted few changes in the characteristics evaluated. After the third period, cutting and grazing systems showed no suitable residual straw for ground covering and set a summer crop under no-tillage system, with 738.39 kg/ha of residual dry matter on average

Productivity of Tifton 85 grass irrigated and overseeded with winter forages

Intercropping with cool season species has been used as an alternative to increase productivity off-season (fall/winter) of irrigated pastures. This study was conducted from May to October 2009 in Icara&#237;ma, Paran&#225; State, to evaluate the productivity and morphological composition of the Tifton 85 grass overseeded with winter forage in irrigated system. The experiment was a randomized block design with four replicates and repeated measures over time. The experimental plots consisted of five treatments, three as oats overseeding using the genotypes IAPAR 61, IPR 126, and FMS2 on Tifton 85 pasture and one as overseeding of oats combined with rye (IPR 126 + IPR 89) also on Tifton 85 grass and, finally, a control with only Tifton 85 without overseeding. The overseeding of IPR 126 oats achieved the highest cumulative productivity, 4102 kg DM ha-1, with leaf/stem ratio higher than that of exclusive Tifton 85 exclusive, 1.77 and 1.08, respectively. However, overseeding of winter forages did not increase the overall productivity of the pasture