QUALITY OF GROUPED CONVENTIONAL KILN DRYING OF THREE SPECIES OF Eucalyptus sp. WOOD

A ind\ufastria brasileira comumente seca diferentes esp\ue9cies de eucalipto em uma mesma carga de secagem convencional, seja pela dificuldade de identifica\ue7\ue3o das esp\ue9cies, h\uedbridos e clones, seja para melhor utilizar o equipamento. No entanto, essa pr\ue1tica n\ue3o \ue9 recomendada na literatura espec\uedfica. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a qualidade da secagem convencional conjunta da madeira de Eucalyptus saligna , Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus dunnii oriundas de plantios clonais. Para tal, foi realizada a secagem de tr\ueas cargas com as tr\ueas esp\ue9cies conjuntamente em uma c\ue2mara-piloto de secagem convencional. Os crit\ue9rios utilizados para analisar-se a qualidade da secagem foram: umidade final, rachaduras de topo, rachaduras de superf\uedcie, encanoamento, colapso, gradiente de umidade e tens\uf5es de secagem. Eucalyptus grandis apresentou a melhor qualidade de secagem, seguido pelo Eucalyptus saligna, e ambas as esp\ue9cies possuem potencial para serem secas conjuntamente. Eucalyptus dunnii apresentou baixa qualidade de secagem, esta esp\ue9cie n\ue3o deve ser seca conjuntamente com Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus saligna. A densidade b\ue1sica e a retratibilidade foram bons crit\ue9rios para a expectativa de qualidade da secagem de Eucalyptus spp., em que esp\ue9cies menos densas e mais est\ue1veis dimensionalmente apresentaram melhor qualidade de secagem. O programa de secagem utilizado deve ser modificado para a secagem futura dessas esp\ue9cies, notadamente no tocante aos per\uedodos de uniformiza\ue7\ue3o e condicionamento, que foram considerados insuficientes.The Brazilian industry commonly dries different species of eucalypt in a same load because of the difficulty of identifying the species, hybrids and clones, and also by optimizing the use of the kiln. However, this practice is not recommended in the literature. The aim of this work was to verify the quality of grouped conventional drying of Eucalyptus saligna , Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus dunnii from clonal plantations. To this end, three loads were dried with the three species together in a pilot conventional dry kiln. The criteria used to analyze the quality of dried wood were final moisture content, end checks, cupping, collapse, moisture gradient and drying stresses. Eucalyptus grandis showed the best quality of drying, followed by Eucalyptus saligna, and both species have potential to be kiln dried together. Eucalyptus dunnii had the worst quality of drying, and should not be kiln dried together with Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna. The basic density and shrinkage were good parameters for the expected quality of the drying of Eucalyptus species, in which less dense and more dimensionally stable species had better quality of drying. The drying schedule used must be modified to further drying of these species, especially regarding to uniformity and conditioning periods, which were considered insufficient

SOIL-VEGETATION RELATION IN CERRADO ENVIROMENT UNDER INFLUENCE OF THE GROUP URUCUIA

A vegeta\ue7\ue3o de Cerrado brasileiro compreende um mosaico natural de fisionomias, de campos abertos a savanas e florestas. Acredita-se que a presen\ue7a de diferentes fitofisionomias em uma regi\ue3o pode ser explicada em parte pela rela\ue7\ue3o direta com os atributos do solo presentes na mesma. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a rela\ue7\ue3o entre solo e vegeta\ue7\ue3o em uma \ue1rea do Bioma Cerrado sobre influ\ueancia do Grupo Urucuia. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento de solos e vegeta\ue7\ue3o na escala 1:50.000 em uma \ue1rea de aproximadamente 32 mil hectares localizada na regi\ue3o da tr\uedplice divisa entre Minas Gerais, Goi\ue1s e Bahia, tendo como substrato o arenito do Grupo Urucuia. Os resultados anal\uedticos das classes de solos foram relacionados com os dados das fitofisionomias presentes atrav\ue9s de an\ue1lise estat\uedstica comum e pela determina\ue7\ue3o dos componentes principais. Os solos da regi\ue3o refletiram bem o material de origem, apresentando elevados teores de areia, com predom\uednio de Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distr\uf3fico t\uedpico e Latossolo Amarelo Distr\uf3fico psam\uedtico, presentes em mais de 35% de toda a \ue1rea de estudo. A fitofisionomia mais comum foi o Cerrado sentido restrito t\uedpico. A an\ue1lise dos componentes principais indicou que a areia fina, a argila e o alum\uednio responderam por 93,7% da variabilidade da rela\ue7\ue3o entre solos e as fitofisionomia.The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation comprises a mosaic of natural types, from open fields to savannas and forests. It is believed that the presence of different vegetation types in a region can be explained in part by the direct relationship with the attributes present in the same soil. The present study investigated the relationship between soil and vegetation in an area of Cerrado biome with influence of Urucuia Group. To do so, we conducted a survey of soils and vegetation in 1:50,000 scale in an area of approximately 32,000 hectares located in the tri-border region of Minas Gerais, Goi\ue1s and Bahia states, with the sandstone substrate of Urucuia Group. The analytical results of soil classes were related to the present data of the physiognomies through common statistical analysis and through the determination of the main components. The soils of the region reflected well the source material, with high percentages of sand, with a predominance of Oxisol Hapludox and Oxisol dystrophic, present in over 35% of the entire study area. The most common vegetation type was Cerrado sense, restrict and typical. The principal component analysis indicated that the fine sand, clay and aluminum accounted for 93.7% of the variability of the relationship between soils and vegetation typ

Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Results From the CREDENCE Trial and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]).CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02065791