Pembangunan model penentuan keperluan perumahan kajian kes: Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Perumahan merupakan satu komponen penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi di mana ia telah menjadi dasar kerajaan untuk menyediakan rumah bagi setiap rakyat. Rancangan Malaysia terdahulu telah cuba merancang bagi merealisasikan dasar ini. Walaupun anggaran keperluan perumahan dibuat di bawah Rancangan Malaysia, namun anggaran tersebut tidak membayangkan keperluan sebenar pembeli dan penyewa rumah di Malaysia. Negara-negara maju telah menggunakan pelbagai model dalam menentukan keperluan perumahan. Namun begitu, model-model tersebut tidak sesuai digunakan di Malaysia kerana data yang terhad. Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada dua objektif iaitu, mengenal pasti model dan faktor yang signifikan bagi menentukan keperluan perumahan, dan kedua menghasilkan model penentuan keperluan perumahan di Malaysia. Skop kajian ini tertumpu kepada pembeli dan penyewa rumah di Daerah Johor Bahru yang dipilih melalui kaedah pesampelan kelompok pelbagai peringkat. Data diperolehi melalui borang kaji selidik dan dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Analisis statistik deskriptif digunakan bagi menghuraikan taburan kekerapan, peratus, min, dan sisihan piawai manakala statistik inferensi iaitu ujian Korelasi Pearson dan Regresi Pelbagai digunakan untuk pembentukan model. Dengan menggunakan kaedah Enter, satu model yang signifikan dapat dihasilkan (F4,178 = 353.699 p < 0.05. Adjusted R square = .886) yang signifikan terhadap dua faktor utama iaitu demografi dan kemampuan. Model yang dihasilkan bagi kajian ini adalah General Linear Model. Model ini dapat digunakan bagi menentukan keperluan perumahan di Johor Bahru. Ia juga berfungsi sebagai alat penting dalam perancangan sektor perumahan pada masa hadapan di Malaysia

A market driven framework for green affordable housing criteria in Malaysia

Green Affordable Housing (GAH) criteria and features are crucial in the development of affordable housing. Developed countries such as United States, United Kingdom and Australia have their own GAH criteria and features for GAH development. In Malaysia there is a Green Building Index (GBI) which is the green rating tools consisting of six criteria; energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, sustainable site planning and management, material and resources, water efficiency and innovation for green housing development. There is also an affordable housing development guide by the National Housing Policy (NHP) based on two criteria; housing price and income. Since GAH is not completely implement in Malaysia, as such, this study aims to fill the gap that is found in GBI and NHP and match it with the current GAH criteria and features from previous studies. This study also aims to develop a market driven framework representing GAH criteria and features in Malaysia, emphasizing on the real estate market interaction. Data was gathered through a survey distributed to potential home buyers of middle income groups and developers who are certified with GBI in three major cities which are Klang Valley, Penang and Johor Bahru. Data obtained from potential home buyers’ was analyzed using logistic regression analysis, while data derived from the developers was analyzed using descriptive analysis. Next, the perspectives of both respondents on the criterion and features of GAH were matched and analyzed using cross tabulation analysis for framework development purpose. Statistical results confirmed that 75.8 percent of potential home buyers’ were willing to pay more for GAH criteria and features. In fact, both parties agreed to adopt 10 percent incremental costs for GAH. The finding also indicated that six GAH criteria as in GBI and 10 features were suitable to be incorporated into affordable housing development. Finally, the framework development was conducted to put the priority of the important features using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The market driven framework revealed five priorities on the important features for GAH having the weight between 10.6 to 16.9 which are water saving appliances and fittings; design leads to low pollutants; reduce, reuse and recycle materials; energy saving appliances and light fittings; and extensive landscaping. Additionally, 29 eco-labelling components from Product Criteria Document (PCD) by SIRIM were also adapted to the framework in accordance with the government’s requirement. A further framework validation was obtained through feedback from the market and stakeholders and the results illustrated the agreemeent of market driven framework for green affordable housing criteria that contributes to the establishment of the GAH concept in Malaysia. It also serves as a tool for decision making particularly for developers in GAH development

An exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis for green affordable housing criteria instrument

A Green Affordable Housing (GAH) criteria questionnaire was developed to determine stakeholders’ preferences and their willingness to pay according to GAH criteria and features in Malaysia. This study was conducted in Johor Bahru, Klang Valley, and Penang to elaborate the development of valid and reliable instrument. Reliability test and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to measure the instrument so as to produce an empirical verification of the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Literature search and pilot study with potential homebuyers, developers, and local authorities in Johor Bahru were carried out and appropriate items were extracted. From 39 items composed, 26 items remained to be completed by study sample because some items were not applicable to be incorporated into Malaysia’s local conditions. The instrument measured six constructs namely Energy Efficiency (EE), Sustainable Site Planning and Management (SM), Water Efficiency (WE), Material and Resources (MR), Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ), and Innovation (IN) with 7-point Likert Scale. All six constructs have high reliability index value which is between 0.988-9.989. Accordingly, the factor analysis final outcome was six criteria with eigen value more than 1 that explained 66.67 percent of variance in the data. Factor loading for each criteria ranged from 0.534-0.829, reflecting the dimension of the six criteria. The result obtained has proven that this study’s instrument has high reliability and validity