Prehrambeni aditivi – analiza rizika i regulativa

Food additive is any substance not normally consumed as a food, the intentional addition of which to food for a technological purpose results in it or its by-products becoming a component of such foods. The use of each new additive is preceded by a risk analysis consisting of three interrelated components: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. At the international level in the Codex Alimentarius system, risk assessment is performed by the Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and risk management by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) that, based on the results of the risk assessment, prepares international standards and recommendations that Member States incorporate into national regulations. At the level of the European Union (EU), risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as a basis for risk management by the European Commission (EC) that prepares food additive legislation, and member states authorities responsible for official control of additives on the market. Risk communication takes place between all stakeholders including academia, food producers and consumers. The regulation on additives in the Republic of Serbia is fully harmonized with the EU legislation in this area.Prehrambeni aditiv je svaka supstanca koja se normalno ne koristi kao sastojak hrane, a koja se iz tehnoloških razloga namerno dodaje hrani u toku proizvodnje, prerade, pripreme, obrade, pakovanja, transporta ili čuvanja, tako da direktno ili indirektno preko svojih međuproizvoda postaje sastojak hrane. Upotrebi svakog aditiva prethodi analiza rizika koja se sastoji od tri međusobno povezane komponente: procene rizika, upravljanja rizikom i komunikacije o riziku. Na međunarodnom nivou u sistemu Codex Alimentarius-a procenu rizika radi Zajednički (FAO/WHO) ekspertski komitet za prehrambene aditive (JECFA) koji priprema hemijske specifikacije, vrši procenu izloženosti i kvantitativnu procenu bezbednosti upotrebe aditiva u hrani, a upravljanje rizikom radi Komisija Codex Alimentarius (CAC) koja na bazi rezultata procene rizika priprema međunarodne standarde i preporuke za upotrebu aditiva koje zemlje članice ugrađuju u nacionalne propise. Na nivou Evropske Unije (EU) procenu rizika radi Evropsko telo za bezbednost hrane (EFSA), a upravljanje rizikom Evropska komisija (EC) koja donosi propise, kao i nadležna ministarstva zemalja članica koja sprovode službenu kontrolu. Komunikacija o riziku odvija se između svih zainteresovanih strana uključujući i akademske krugove, proizvođače i konzumente hrane. Regulativa o aditivima u Republici Srbiji harmonizovana je sa regulativom EU u ovoj oblasti

Celijačna bolest i dijetetski proizvodi za osobe na dijeti bez gluten

Celiac disease (gluten sensitive enteropathy) is a chronic, lifelong inflammatory disease of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, and is characterized by a permanent specific hypersensitivity to wheat, rye, barley and oat gluten. Gluten intake in these individuals leads to damage of the small intestine mucosa, which is manifested by abdominal problems, resulting in reduced absorption of nutrients, leading to secondary disorders and diseases such as rachitis, osteoporosis, arthritis, delay in growth and development, anemia, sterility, neurological disorders, skin changes, intestinal lymphomas. The prevalence of celiac disease is about 1% in the general population. The diagnostic procedure includes histological and serological tests, and a strict gluten-free diet is a lifelong treatment of celiac disease and is a main requirement for any further treatment of the consequences of nutritional deficits. The main problems in implementing a gluten-free diet is the presence of hidden gluten in food, medicines and cosmetics, and gluten contamination during production, storage and food preparation. According to the international Codex alimentarius standard (CODEX STAN 118-1979) and national regulations, gluten-free dietary products must not contain more than 20 mg/kg of gluten.Celijačna bolest (gluten senzitivna enteropatija) je hronično doživotno inflamatorno oboljenje tankog creva koje se javlja kod genetski predisponiranih osoba, a odlikuje se trajnom specifičnom preosetljivošću na gluten pšenice, raži, ječma i ovsa. Unos glutena kod ovih osoba dovodi do oštećenja sluznice tankog creva koje se manifestuje abdominalnim problemima što rezultuje smanjenom apsorpcijom hranljivih sastojaka, što dalje uzrokuje razvoj sekundarnih poremećaja i oboljenja kao što su rahitis, osteoporoza, artritis, zastoj u rastu i razvoju, anemija, sterilitet, neurološki poremećaji, kožne promene, intestinalni limfomi dr. Prevalenca celijačne bolesti je oko 1% u opštoj populaciji. Dijagnostička procedura uključuje histološka i serološka ispitivanja a striktna dijeta bez glutena je doživotni tretman celijakije i uslovljava svako dalje lečenje posledica nutritivnih deficita. Najveći problem u sprovođenju dijete bez glutena je prisustvo skrivenog glutena u hrani, lekovima i kozmetičkim proizvodima i kontaminacija glutenom tokom proizvodnje, čuvanja i pripreme hrane. Prema međunarodnom standardu Codex alimentarius-a (CODEX STAN 118-1979) i nacionalnoj regulativi dijetetski proizvodi bez glutena ne smeju da sadrže više od 20 mg/kg glutena

Raznolikost hemijskog sastava ulja dobijenog iz semenki različitih sorti grožđa

Wine industry generates enormous quantities of solid organic waste consisted of stems, skins and seeds. Grape seeds are considered the most valuable part of a pomace, since it is rich in oil and containing numerous bioactive compounds. Grape seed oil (GSO) composition depends mainly on grape variety, but also on environmental factors and maturation degree. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of chemical composition among seed oils obtained from different grape varieties. Eight varieties were collected from the same wine region and at the same maturity phase. Investigation of fatty acid composition was done using GC/FID, while HPLC/FD was employed for vitamin E analyses. Linoleic acid was the most abundant in all samples, followed by oleic acid. Saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic and stearic acid, were also present (up to 20 % of the total fatty acid methyl esters). Vitamin E concentrations were significantly affected by grape variety (p<0.01). α-tocopherol was found in high concentration in all samples. GSO from Shiraz variety had about 25 mg α-tocopherol per kg of oil, while Gamay GSO contained more than six times less amounts of this vitamin E isoform. Sum of β and γ tocopherol also varied considerable, although Shiraz again stood out with the highest content. Finally, δ tocopherol was found in four varieties, in minor quantities. Generally, considering variety diversification on vitamin E composition of GSO, investigations that will include as much varieties as possible, are needed to single out ones with the highest bio-oil potential.Industrija vina ostavlja za sobom ogromne količine čvrstog organskog otpada koji se sastoji od peteljki, pokožice i semenki grožđa. Semenke se smatraju najvrednijim delom komine, jer su bogate uljem i sadrže brojna bioaktivna jedinjenja. Sastav ulja iz semenki grožđa zavisi pre svega od sorte vinove loze, ali i od faktora sredine i stepena zrelosti ploda. Cilj ovog rada bilo je ispitivanje raznolikosti hemijskog sastava ulja dobijenog iz semenki različitih sorti grožđa. U tu svrhu, prikupljeno je osam sorti u istoj fazi zrelosti i iz istog vinskog regiona. Ispitivanje sastava masnih kiselina vršeno je korišćenjem GC/FID, dok je HPLC/FD korišćen za analizu koncentracije vitamina E. Linolna kiselina je bila najzastupljenija u svim uzorcima, zatim oleinska kiselina. Zasićene masne kiseline, kao što su palmitinska i stearinska kiselina, takođe su bile prisutne (do 20 % od ukupnih metil estara masnih kiselina). Sorta vinove loze je značajno uticala na sadržaj vitamina E (p<0,01). α- tokoferol je pronađen u visokim koncentracijama u svim uzorcima. Ulje iz semenki sorte Širaz sadržalo je oko 25 miligrama α-tokoferola po kilogramu, dok je u ulju sorte Game kvantifikovana šest puta manja koncentracija ove izoforme vitamina E. Zbir β i γ tokoferola takođe je značajno varirao, iako se Širaz ponovo istakao sa najvećim sadržajem. δ tokoferol je pronađen u ulju četiri sorte, u manjim količinama. Generalno, s obzirom na raznovrsnost sastava vitamina E u ulju iz semenki grožđa, potrebna su opsežnija istraživanja koja će obuhvatiti veći broj sorti vinove loze kako bi se izdvojile one sa najvećim potencijalom bio- ulja.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra

May thirteen weeks of octacosanol supplementation affect prooxidant-antioxidant balance in patients on atorvastatin therapy

Statins reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease mainly due to cholesterol reduction, but also pleiotropic effects are present. Co-administration of statins with bioactive molecules may obtain a synergistic benefit. The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was to investigate whether 13-week long supplementation of policosanol affected antioxidant status and markers of oxidative stress in patients on atorvastatin therapy. Eighty- seven patients aged 40–80 years on chronic (>4 months) atorvastatin therapy (20 mg) were randomly allocated to policosanol (n=42) or placebo (n=45). At baseline, after 8 and 13 weeks, markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defence include total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Creatinine phosphokinase and hepatic enzymes were the main safety endpoints. The mean age of the patients was 62.6 ± 0.8 years. Patients in supplemented group had higher TAS and TOS levels 1640 (963–1752) vs 927 (481–1305), [μmol/L], p < 0.001 and 18 (13––20) vs 6 (5–11), [μmol/L], p < 0.001], respectively, compared to baseline. In placebo group, subjects had also higher TAS and TOS levels after 13-week compared to baseline. SOD and AOPP were not influenced by the intervention. The investigated supplement possessed a good safety profile. Combination of policosanol with atorvastatin may be useful in an attempt to avoid potential adverse effects associated with statins. 13-week supplementation was not sufficient to induce remarkably changes in SOD and AOPP. TAS and TOS were increased in both groups.Nutraceuticals in balancing redox status in ageing and age-related diseases WGs Meeting of the NutRedOx COST Action CA16112 Belgrade, March 2-3, 202

Nusproizvodi agro-industrije kao izvor održivih sastojaka za proizvodnju funkcionalne hrane i nutraceutika

The disposal of waste generated in the agri-food industry is one of the greatest challenges in achieving sustainable development. Although agri-food residues are a potential source of bioactive compounds with proven health benefits, they are largely unused and disposed of as organic waste. The recovery of bioactive compounds from agri-food waste to obtain products with high biological value, such as functional foods and nutraceuticals, is an idea that stems from the concept of bioeconomy and combines environmental issues with economically viable production. Some of the main agri-food wastes in Serbia that have the potential to be recycled into value-added products are apple, plum, grape, tomato, and beet pomace, and oilseed cakes. Bioactive compounds isolated from these wastes include polyphenols, fibers, essential fatty acids, minerals, various volatiles and pigments. This article focuses on the most common food wastes and the potential reuse of these undervalued material to produce value-added products such as functional foods, nutraceuticals or food additives.Odlaganje otpada koji nastaje u prehrambenoj industriji jedan je od najvećih izazova u postizanju održivog razvoja. Iako su nusproizvodi koji nastaju u prehrambenoj industriji potencijalni izvor bioaktivnih jedinjenja sa dokazanim pozitivnim zdravstvenim efektima, oni se uglavnom odlažu kao organski otpad. Iskorišćenje bioaktivnih jedinjenja iz ovih nusproizvoda u cilju dobijanja proizvoda sa dodatom nutritivnom i biološkom vrednošću, kao što su funkcionalna hrana i nutraceutici, ideja je koja proizilazi iz koncepta bioekonomije i kombinuje ekološki aspekt sa ekonomski održivom proizvodnjom. Neki od glavnih nusproizvoda koji se generišu u Srbiji sa potencijalom da se iskoriste u proizvodnji proizvoda sa dodatom vrednošću su trop jabuke, trop šljive, komina grožđa, trop paradajza, uljane pogače i dr. Bioaktivna jedinjenja izolovana iz ovih otpada uključuju polifenole, peptide, vlakna, esencijalne masne kiseline, minerale, različite isparljive materije i pigmente. Ovaj članak se fokusira na najčešće otpade prehrambene industrije i potencijalnu ponovnu upotrebu ovog još uvek neiskorišćenog otpadnog materijala za proizvodnju proizvoda sa dodatom vrednošću kao što su funkcionalna hrana, nutraceutici ili aditivi

Nutraceutici u prevenciji i tretmanu COVID-19

The immune system defends the host from many pathogen- ic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, including a large number of specific cell types, inter- related molecules, and biological responses. Due to infec- tions, heightened immune system activity is accompanied by expanded metabolic activities, requiring appropriate energy supply, precursors for biosynthesis and regulatory molecules. Numerous vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in supporting body’s immunity and fighting against viral infections. Other bioactive compounds like omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics and antioxidants (alpha-lipoic acid, quercetin) are also important in the immune response. CO- VID-19 may develop mild symptoms to severe damage of the respiratory epithelium followed by a cytokine storm. Many studies show that vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc and selenium are critical in defending against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intestinal dysbiosis is a feature of many infectious diseases, including COVID-19, so dietary approaches to establishing a healthy microbiota are essential for improving immune function. This paper reviews the data on the roles and potential effectiveness of selected nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.Imunski sistem štiti organizam od brojnih patogena (bakterija, virusa, gljivica, parazita) uključujući veliki broj specijalizovanih tipova ćelija, komunikacionih molekula i funkcionalnih odgovora. Pojačana aktivnost imunskog si stema usled infekcija praćena je povećanim metaboličkim aktivnostima, što zahteva izvore energije, supstrate za biosintezu i regulatorne molekule. Brojni vitamini i minerali imaju ključnu ulogu u podršci imunskom sistemu i smanjenju rizika od infekcija. Ostale bioaktivne komponente kao omega-3 masne kiseline, probiotici i antioksidansi (alfa-lipoinska kiselina, kvercetin) takođe su od značaja u imunološkom odgovoru. COVID-19 karakterišu kliničke slike od blagih simptoma do teške infekcije respiratornog epitela praćene citokinskom olujom. Pokazano je da starije osobe sa hroničnim bolestima imaju smanjenu aktivnost odbrambenog sistema i neadekvatan nutritivni status, zbog čega postoji veći rizik za pojavu fatalnih ishoda. Ispitivanja ukazuju da su vitamin C, vitamin D, cink i selen posebno važni u odbrani od infekcije SARS-CoV-2. Disbioza creva je karakteristika mnogih zaraznih bolesti uključujući COVID-19, zato su dijetetski pristupi za uspostavljanje zdrave mikrobiote važni u poboljšanju imunoloških funkcija. U ovom radu prikazan je pregled literature o ulozi i potencijalnoj primeni odabranih nutraceutika u prevenciji i tretmanu COVID-19

Supplementation with Octacosanol Affects the Level of PCSK9 and Restore Its Physiologic Relation with LDL-C in Patients on Chronic Statin Therapy

Dietary supplementation with sugar cane derivates may modulate low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels. The purposeof this study was to determine if dietary supplement (DS), containing Octacosanol (20 mg) andvitamin K2 (45μg), could restore the disrupted physiologic relation between LDL-C and serumPCSK9. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-center study including 87 patients onchronic atorvastatin therapy was conducted. Eighty-seven patients were randomized to receive DS(n= 42) or placebo (n= 45), and followed for 13 weeks. Serum PCSK9 levels, lipid parameters andtheir relationship were the main efficacy endpoints. The absolute levels of PCSK9 and LDL-C werenot significantly different from baseline to 13 weeks. However, physiologic correlation between %change of PCSK9 and % change of LDL-C levels was normalized only in the group of patients treatedwith DS (r= 0.409,p= 0.012). This study shows that DS can restore statin disrupted physiologicpositive correlation between PCSK9 and LDL-C. Elevated PCSK9 level is an independent risk factorso controlling its rise by statins may be important in prevention of cardiovascular events

Dijetarni faktori i tiroidna disfunkcija

Besides iodine deficiency, autoimmune Hashimoto thyroiditis is the leading cause of hypothyroidism globally, characterized by the increased titer of thyroid autoantibodies and destruction of thyroid cells. Graves' disease is the most common etiology of hyperthyroidism worldwide. Patients with thyroid dysfunction often require dietary modifications. Popular interventions include supplementation with certain vitamins and minerals, as well as trace elements such as iodine and selenium. The intake of food containing goitrogens should be limited. Goitrogens are substances of plant origin that interfere with the production of thyroid hormones, increasing the risk for goiter and hypothyroidism. The primary dietary sources of goitrogens are cruciferous vegetables, soy products, starchy plants, and some fruits. Beyond essential nutrients, there has been an increasing interest in using specific nutraceuticals, including myoinositol, L- carnitine, melatonin, and resveratrol, as potential preventive and therapeutic agents in thyroid diseases. Even though current evidence promotes some beneficial outcomes of these nutraceuticals, further investigations are needed to clarify dose-dependent effects, duration of supplementation, combination in different clinical settings, and the exact mechanism of their action in thyroid disorders.Pored nedostatka joda, najčešća etiologija hipotireoze u razvijenim zemljama je Hašimoto tireoiditis, koji karakteriše povišen nivo serum autoantitela i limfocitna infiltracija štitaste žlezde. Grejvsova bolest je vodeći uzrok hipertireoza na globalnom nivou. Pacijenti sa oboljenjem štitaste žlezde često zahtevaju modifikaciju dijetarnog režima. Popularne intervencije uključuju suplementaciju određenim vitaminima, mineralima i mikroelementima kao što su jod i selen. Preporučuje se ograničen unos namirnica koje sadrže goitrogene supstance jer ometaju normalnu sintezu tiroidnih hormona, povećavajući rizik za nastanak strume i hipotireoze. Primarni izvori goitrogena u ishrani su kruciferno povrće, proizvodi od soje, skrobne biljke i pojedine vrste voća. Osim esencijalnih nutrijenata, postoji sve veće interesovanje za primenu specifičnih nutraceutika u prevenciji i koterapiji bolesti štitaste žlezde, kao što su mioinozitol, L-karnitin, melatonin i rezveratrol. Trenutni dokazi ukazuju na moguće promotivne efekte ovih jedinjenja u oboljenjima štitaste žlezde. Potrebna su dalja ispitivanja koja bi pratila uticaj doze i dužine suplementacije nutraceutika i potvrdila tačne mehanizme njihovog delovanja u poremećajima funkcije štitaste žlezde

Povezanost suplementacije oktakozanolom i parametara redoks statusa kod pacijenata na hroničnoj terapiji atorvastatinom

Background: The uneven lipid-lowering statin effects and statin intolerance raise interest regarding the involvement of coadministration of statins and dietary supplements. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of octacosanol supplementation on markers of redox status in cardiovascular patients on chronic atorvastatin therapy. Methods: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-centre study was conducted. Redox status home- ostasis parameters i.e., advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), total protein sulfhydryl (SH- groups), and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity were assessed in 81 patients. According to favorable changes in lipid profile, patients were classified into two groups: responders (n = 35) and non-responders (n = 46), and followed for 13 weeks. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to explore the effect of octacosanol supplementation and the relationship between investigated parameters as predictors of responders’ and non-responders’ status. Results: Significant decrease in Oxy-score value was found at the endpoint compared to baseline in responders’ group (21.0 (13.4–25.5) versus 15.1 (12.4–18.0); P < 0.01). PCA analysis extracted 4 significant factors in the both groups, whereas extracted factors containing »octacosanol status« variable explained 14.7% and 11.5% of the variance in responders’ and non-responders’ subgroups, respectively. Conclusions: Octacosanol supplementation leads to an improvement of lipid profile and markers of redox status in responders’ group. New studies are needed to validate our results in order to find the best approach for personalized supplementation as a useful adjunct to standard statin therapy.Uvod: Neujednačeni hipolipemijski efekti primene statina kao i intolerancija na statine dovode do porasta inte resovanja u vezi sa zajedničkom primenom statina i dijetetskih suplemenata. Ova studija je imala za cilj da proceni efekte suplementacije oktakozanolom na markere redoks statusa kod kardiovaskularnih pacijenata na hroničnoj terapiji atorvastatinom. Metode: Sprovedena je dvostruko slepa, randomizovana, placebo kontrolisana studija. U serumu 81 pacijenta određivani su parametri redoks statusa [produkti uznapredovale oksidacije proteina (AOPP), prooksidativno-antioksidativni balans (PAB), totalni oksidativni status (TOS), totalni antioksidativni status (TAS), aktivnost superoksid dismutaze (SOD), sulfihidrilne grupe (SH-grupe) i aktivnost paraoksonaze 1 (PON1)]. U odnosu na povoljne promene lipidnog profila, pacijenti su klasifikovani u dve grupe: responderi (n = 35) i neresponderi (n = 46), i praćeni su 13 nedelja. Rezultati: Značajno smanjenje vrednosti oksi-skora primećeno je kod respondera na kraju studije u poređenju sa vrednostima na početku studije (21,0 (1 3,4 -25,5) vs. 15,1 (12,4 -18,0); P < 0,01). Principal component analiza (PCA) je primenjena da bi se procenio efekat suplementacije oktakozanolom kao i odnos između ispitivanih parametara kao prediktora odgovara u obe grupe. PCA analiza je izdvojila po 4 značajna faktora u obe grupe, pri čemu faktori koji sadrže varijablu "status oktakozanola" objašnjavaju 14,7% i 11,5% ukupne varijacije kod respondera i nerespondera, redom. Zaključak: Suplementacija oktakozanolom dovodi do poboljšanja lipidnog profila i markera redoks statusa u grupi respondera. Buduće studije su potrebne za potvrdu dobijenih rezultata a u cilju pronalaženja optimalnog pristupa za personalizovanu suplementaciju uz standardnu terapiju statinima

Kvantifikacija akrilamida u izabranim namirnicama primenom gasne hromatografije u tandemu sa masenom spektrometrijom

Acrylamide is toxic and probably carcinogenic compound, made as a result of high-temperature thermal treatment of carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs. In this article a method is improved for the extraction and quantitation of acrylamide in foods produced based on corn flour that are represented in our traditional diet. Acrylamide extraction was carried out using reduced volume of saturated solution of bromine water and the GC–MS method for the quantification was shown. Quantification of acrylamide was preceded by: sample homogenization, acrylamide extraction using water, extract purification using solid phase extraction, bromination, using a reduced volume of bromine water solution, dehydrobromination with sodium thiosulfate and transformation of dibromopropenamide in 2,3,2-bromopropenamide using triethylamine. Regression and correlation analysis were applied for the probability level of 0.05. Calibration is performed in the concentration range 5–80 ug/kg with a detection limit 6.86 mg/kg and the limits of quantification 10.78 ug/kg and the coefficient of determination R2 &gt; 0.999. Calibration curve was obtained: y = 0.069x + 0.038. Recovery values were an average from 97 to 110%. Proposed GC–MS method is simple, precise and reliable for the determination of acrylamide in the samples of thermal treated foods. Our results show that the tested foods quantify the presence of acrylamide in concentrations of 18 to 77 mg/kg acrylamide depending on whether the food was prepared by cooking or baking