5 research outputs found
Arms and Armour of Kraków Guilds in Light of the 1683 Register
The question of the armament of city arsenals in early modern Poland has so far
been overlooked by researchers. The issues of defence architecture, sieges, and occupation
have been discussed much more often. Meanwhile, it should be remembered that from the
Middle Ages to the end of the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, city militias,
mostly composed of guilds, played a fundamental role in city defence. Therefore, both the
training and arming of city militias was very important, as proven by the defence of Kraków
during the Habsburg siege in 1587 and later during the Swedish siege in 1655.
The mid-17th century marked the beginning of the decline of this thriving royal city. Looted and
destroyed during the two-year Swedish occupation in 1655–1657, it needed time to rebuild its
defence system. The Sejm constitutions of 1658 and 1659 referred to this, but it was not until
1670 that a commission, chaired by Bishop Andrzej Trzebicki, met on this matter.
Another external threat soon appeared, this time from Turkey. In 1683, the possibility of a siege
of Kraków by Ottoman troops or their vassals was seriously considered. The solution was the
alliance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with Austria, which, among other things,
assumed mutual assistance in the event of a siege of either capital – Vienna or Kraków.
When the Turkish army launched a siege of the Austrian capital on July 14, 1683, elected councillors
in Kraków inspected their own city’s defences. As a result of the undertaken inspection,
the Revisia Baszt w Krakowie (The Review of Towers in Kraków) (Ms 423, p. 6, 25–34, held in The
Scientific Library of the PAAS and the PAS in Kraków) was written, which, apart from the description
of the state of preservation of the fortificati ons, contains a previously unpublished
register of weapons for individual guilds. This source allows us to largely know the combat
readiness of the then-defenders of Kraków. The inventory presented shows a serious armament
shortage that could have sufficed for fewer than 500 people
Preparing Krakow for defense against the attack of the army of Archduke Maximilian III of Austria in 1587
The most important moments in the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth include the events of 1587 – the time of the interregnum after the death of Stefan Batory and the election of the new ruler. These events were of fundamental importance for Poland’s domestic, and above all international, policy. When the nobility gathered in Warsaw in August 1587 made a double election, the race of Sigismund Vasa and Maximilian Habsburg for the royal crown began. Krakow, as the capital, played a key role in these events.City accounts and numerous sources, mainly narrative, illustrate the course of Krakow’s preparations to defend the walls and repel the Austrian pretender to the throne. The scattered information shows some regularity. For example, you can see increased activity, especially around the gates, which played a key role in the city’s defense system.This article is an attempt to look at the problem of the city’s complex and arduous preparations for its defense. The historiography so far did not show the discussed events from the point of view of the logistic and technical background. Thanks to the available sources, we can learn about the ways of functioning of the defense craft, ranging from the working tools used, through defensive architecture, to strategy.Do najważniejszych momentów w dziejach Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów należą wydarzenia z 1587 r. – czas bezkrólewia po śmierci Stefana Batorego i wybór nowego władcy. Miały one fundamentalne znaczenie dla polskiej polityki wewnętrznej, a przede wszystkim międzynarodowej. Gdy zgromadzona w Warszawie szlachta w sierpniu 1587 r. dokonała podwójnej elekcji, rozpoczął się wyścig Zygmunta Wazy i Maksymiliana Habsburga o koronę królewską. Kraków jako stolica kraju odegrał w tych wydarzeniach kluczową rolę.Rachunki miejskie oraz liczne źródła, głównie narracyjne, ilustrują przebieg przygotowań Krakowa do obrony murów i odparcia austriackiego pretendenta do tronu. Rozproszone informacje wykazują pewną prawidłowość. Na przykład można zaobserwować wzmożoną aktywność, zwłaszcza wokół bram, które odgrywały kluczową rolę w systemie obronnym miasta.Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje próbę spojrzenia na problem złożonych i żmudnych przygotowań miasta do jego obrony. Dotychczasowa historiografia nie ukazywała omawianych wydarzeń z punktu widzenia zaplecza logistycznego i technicznego. Dzięki dostępnym źródłom, możemy poznać sposoby funkcjonowania rzemiosła obronnego, począwszy od stosowanych narzędzi pracy – przez architekturę obronną – aż po strategię
Preparing Krakow for defense against the attack of the army of Archduke Maximilian III of Austria in 1587
Do najważniejszych momentów w dziejach Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów należą wydarzenia z 1587 r. – czas bezkrólewia po śmierci Stefana Batorego i wybór nowego władcy. Miały one fundamentalne znaczenie dla polskiej polityki wewnętrznej, a przede wszystkim międzynarodowej. Gdy zgromadzona w Warszawie szlachta w sierpniu 1587 r. dokonała podwójnej elekcji, rozpoczął się wyścig Zygmunta Wazy i Maksymiliana Habsburga o koronę królewską. Kraków jako stolica kraju odegrał w tych wydarzeniach kluczową rolę.
Rachunki miejskie oraz liczne źródła, głównie narracyjne, ilustrują przebieg przygotowań Krakowa do obrony murów i odparcia austriackiego pretendenta do tronu. Rozproszone informacje wykazują pewną prawidłowość. Na przykład można zaobserwować wzmożoną aktywność, zwłaszcza wokół bram, które odgrywały kluczową rolę w systemie obronnym miasta.
Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje próbę spojrzenia na problem złożonych i żmudnych przygotowań miasta do jego obrony. Dotychczasowa historiografia nie ukazywała omawianych wydarzeń z punktu widzenia zaplecza logistycznego i technicznego. Dzięki dostępnym źródłom, możemy poznać sposoby funkcjonowania rzemiosła obronnego, począwszy od stosowanych narzędzi pracy – przez architekturę obronną – aż po strategię.The most important moments in the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth include the events of 1587 – the time of the interregnum after the death of Stefan Batory and the election of the new ruler. These events were of fundamental importance for Poland’s domestic, and above all international, policy. When the nobility gathered in Warsaw in August 1587 made a double election, the race of Sigismund Vasa and Maximilian Habsburg for the royal crown began. Krakow, as the capital, played a key role in these events.
City accounts and numerous sources, mainly narrative, illustrate the course of Krakow’s preparations to defend the walls and repel the Austrian pretender to the throne. The scattered information shows some regularity. For example, you can see increased activity, especially around the gates, which played a key role in the city’s defense system.
This article is an attempt to look at the problem of the city’s complex and arduous preparations for its defense. The historiography so far did not show the discussed events from the point of view of the logistic and technical background. Thanks to the available sources, we can learn about the ways of functioning of the defense craft, ranging from the working tools used, through defensive architecture, to strategy
JupyTEP IDE as an Online Tool for Earth Observation Data Processing
The paper describes a new tool called JupyTEP integrated development environment (IDE), which is an online integrated development environment for earth observation data processing available in the cloud. This work is a result of the project entitled “JupyTEP IDE—Jupyter-based IDE as an interactive and collaborative environment for the development of notebook style EO algorithms on network of exploitation platforms infrastructure” carried out in cooperation with European Space Agency. The main goal of this project was to provide a universal earth observation data processing tool to the community. JupyTEP IDE is an extension of Jupyter software ecosystem with customization of existing components for the needs of earth observation scientists and other professional and non-professional users. The approach is based on configuration, customization, adaptation, and extension of Jupyter, Jupyter Hub, and Docker components on earth observation data cloud infrastructure in the most flexible way; integration with accessible libraries and earth observation data tools (sentinel application platform (SNAP), geospatial data abstraction library (GDAL), etc.); adaptation of existing web processing service (WPS)-oriented earth observation services. The user-oriented product is based on a web-related user interface in the form of extended and modified Jupyter user interface (frontend) with customized layout, earth observation data processing extension, and a set of predefined notebooks, widgets, and tools. The final IDE is addressed to the remote sensing experts and other users who intend to develop Jupyter notebooks with the reuse of embedded tools, common WPS interfaces, and existing notebooks. The paper describes the background of the system, its architecture, and possible use cases
Coherent Dynamics of a Single Mn-Doped Quantum Dot Revealed by Four-Wave Mixing Spectroscopy
International audienceFor future quantum technologies the combination of a long quantum state lifetime and an efficient interface with external optical excitation are required. In solids, the former is for example achieved by individual spins, while the latter is found in semiconducting artificial atoms combined with modern photonic structures. One possible combination of the two aspects is reached by doping a single quantum dot, providing a strong excitonic dipole, with a magnetic ion, that incorporates a characteristic spin texture. Here, we perform four-wave mixing spectroscopy to study the system's quantum coherence properties. We characterize the optical properties of the undoped CdT