STREAM DEPTH SIGNIFICANCE DURING IN‐SITU SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND MEASUREMENTS IN SHALLOW STREAMS

Ninety-one sediment oxygen demand (SOD) samples from six designated sites along the stretch of Lower Rapid Creek, South Dakota, were conducted using an in-situ SOD chamber. Inside the chamber, readings of dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, pH, and specific conductance were recorded every minute for more than one hour using the Datasonde 3 Hydrolab. Initial readings of such parameters were recorded for the overlaying water before the deployment of the SOD chamber. Characteristics of the stream conditions, air temperature, barometric pressure, average flow velocity of the stream, depth of the stream, and the flow velocity by the chamber were recorded. Single and multiple linear regression analyses on all parameters indicated that the velocity of the stream is the least critical parameter for SOD in shallow streams

Assessment of the Use of Household Chemicals in Al-Karak Governate, Jordan

The objective of this study was to evaluate the major factors that influence the correctness of household chemical utilization in the Jordanian households. The practices in the use of household chemicals of 1200 women in Al-Karak Governate of the country of Jordan were surveyed through a quantitative questionnaire in 2009. The results were analyzed in population sets grouped by different demographic relationships (i.e., age, level of education, family size, number of working members and geographic location). Analysis of Variation (ANOVA) of the population means based on these groupings was conducted. The results indicated that age, level of education, family size and number of working members were all important and statistically significant factors in the proper use of household chemicals in the study area. The means of the population sets based on geographic distribution did not vary significantly indicating that education on the proper use of household chemicals is needed throughout Jordan

Evaluation of a total dissolved solids model in comparison to actual field data measurements in the Cheyenne River, South Dakota, USA

During the summers of 2002 and 2004, in-stream integrated flow and concentration measurements for the total dissolved solids in the Cheyenne River, South Dakota, USA was conducted in order to compare the obtained actual field measurements with the predictions values made by the Bureau of Reclamation in the Environmental Impact Statement. In comparison to the actual field measurements conducted in this study, The Bureau of Reclamation extension of a small database used in the analysis for the impact of operations at the Angostura Unit over the past 50 years and into the future to predict the annual total dissolved solid loadings doesn\u27t represent the actual loading values and various conditions in the study area. Additional integrated flow and concentration sampling is required to characterize the impact of the current Angostura Dam operations and Angostura Irrigation District return flows on the Cheyenne River in different seasons of the year

Simplified Integrated Design for Fixed Film Biological Nutrient Removal

The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of a developed laboratory scale reactor system that models the treatment of septic tank effluent in a simplified fixed film of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand removal along with treatment for biological nutrient removal (CBOD/BNR) in wastewater. The laboratory scale reactor treatment built system operated as an integrated model with the collection system beginning at the source of the wastewater. Using a single stage trickling filter following the septic tank, the laboratory scale reactor system achieved 81% chemical oxygen demand removal, 36% NH3-N removal and 56% phosphorus removal. The total phosphorus removal averaged 50% during steady state operation of phase one. On the other hand, the two stage filter system achieved 90%, chemical oxygen demand removal and as high as 90% ammonia removal and phosphorus removal of approximately 50%. These results indicate that, chemical oxygen demand, NH3-N and phosphorus removals can be significantly improved by additional single stage trickling filter system after septic tank treatment. The filter was proven to produce minimum sludge value after seven months of operation. The components of this system are simple and cost effective to build and operate

Chemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Dry Deposition in the Surrounding of a Cement Factory in Jordan

Dry deposition samples were collected from 28 residential rooftops in Fuhais, Jordan, during the dry seasons of the year 2004. The samples were analyzed for trace and heavy metal concentrations to investigate the impact of total suspended particles emitted from the cement industry in the city of Fuhais. The cement factory has been operational for the past 50 years, and the management was evaluating the use of petcoke blending to reduce fuel costs. No baseline data on heavy metals due to the current operations existed prior to this study. The present study showed that lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) concentrations were statistically significant in the northwest sector of the city compared with the other quadrants. This significance was attributed to the heavy traffic of trucks carrying raw materials and cement in and out of the cement factory as the main route of transportation to the factory runs through this quadrant of the city. Cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), and chromium (Cr) concentrations were high in all sampled areas. The overall average concentrations of all elements except Mo were found to be higher on the rooftops of the residential areas in Fuhais City in comparison with a remote reference site near Amman where no anthropogenic activity exists. The trace and heavy metal concentrations and the mineralogical composition of dry deposition samples collected from residential rooftops are representative of the current cement industry operations, which dominate the air quality of Fuhais City

The distribution of heavy metals in urban street dusts of Karak City, Jordan

Street dust samples from urban and suburban areas were collected from the city of Karak, Jordan, during the summer season of 2004. Samples were analyzed for their heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Cr, Cd, and Mn). The results showed that all heavy metals are higher in city urban areas than the surrounding suburbs. The distribution and concentrations of heavy metals in all areas show automobile originated sources such as emissions and wear and tear of automobiles were the main source of pollution. Despite the fact that the city of Karak and the capital Amman are under the same climatic conditions and same type of fuel used in both cities, the heavy metal concentrations of street dust samples were lower in Karak than Amman due to the lower traffic density