Survival rate analyses of five woody plants in 2012 planted in the Langling Creek WLFZ.

<p>Sub. C., submersion conditions (Full submersion, partial submersion); Inv. W., whether invaded by dominant plant communities or not; Sur. R., survival rate; ND, not determined.</p><p>Survival rate analyses of five woody plants in 2012 planted in the Langling Creek WLFZ.</p

Comparable analyses of pigment contents in <i>L. chinense</i> during the recovery stage after winter flooding.

<p>Values are means ± SE (n = 6). The values followed by different letters significantly differed at P<0.05 according to Duncan's test.</p

Survival rate analyses of 11 woody plant species under controlled flooding conditions.

<p>Survival rate analyses of 11 woody plant species under controlled flooding conditions.</p

Comparative Proteomic and Physiological Analyses Reveal the Protective Effect of Exogenous Polyamines in the Bermudagrass (<i>Cynodon dactylon</i>) Response to Salt and Drought Stresses

Polyamines conferred enhanced abiotic stress tolerance in multiple plant species. However, the effect of polyamines on abiotic stress and physiological change in bermudagrass, the most widely used warm-season turfgrasses, are unknown. In this study, pretreatment of exogenous polyamine conferred increased salt and drought tolerances in bermudagrass. Comparative proteomic analysis was performed to further investigate polyamines mediated responses, and 36 commonly regulated proteins by at least two types of polyamines in bermudagrass were successfully identified, including 12 proteins with increased level, 20 proteins with decreased level and other 4 specifically expressed proteins. Among them, proteins involved in electron transport and energy pathways were largely enriched, and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) and three antioxidant enzymes were extensively regulated by polyamines. Dissection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels indicated that polyamine-derived H₂O₂ production might play dual roles under abiotic stress conditions. Moreover, accumulation of osmolytes was also observed after application of exogenous polyamines, which is consistent with proteomics results that several proteins involved in carbon fixation pathway were mediated commonly by polyamines pretreatment. Taken together, we proposed that polyamines could activate multiple pathways that enhance bermudagrass adaption to salt and drought stresses. These findings might be applicable for genetically engineering of grasses and crops to improve stress tolerance

Comparative Proteomic and Physiological Analyses Reveal the Protective Effect of Exogenous Polyamines in the Bermudagrass (<i>Cynodon dactylon</i>) Response to Salt and Drought Stresses

Polyamines conferred enhanced abiotic stress tolerance in multiple plant species. However, the effect of polyamines on abiotic stress and physiological change in bermudagrass, the most widely used warm-season turfgrasses, are unknown. In this study, pretreatment of exogenous polyamine conferred increased salt and drought tolerances in bermudagrass. Comparative proteomic analysis was performed to further investigate polyamines mediated responses, and 36 commonly regulated proteins by at least two types of polyamines in bermudagrass were successfully identified, including 12 proteins with increased level, 20 proteins with decreased level and other 4 specifically expressed proteins. Among them, proteins involved in electron transport and energy pathways were largely enriched, and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) and three antioxidant enzymes were extensively regulated by polyamines. Dissection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels indicated that polyamine-derived H₂O₂ production might play dual roles under abiotic stress conditions. Moreover, accumulation of osmolytes was also observed after application of exogenous polyamines, which is consistent with proteomics results that several proteins involved in carbon fixation pathway were mediated commonly by polyamines pretreatment. Taken together, we proposed that polyamines could activate multiple pathways that enhance bermudagrass adaption to salt and drought stresses. These findings might be applicable for genetically engineering of grasses and crops to improve stress tolerance

Woody plant species distribution in the TGR WLFZ in 2009.

a<p>, family name;</p>b<p>, the number of genera within each family;</p>c<p>, the number of species within each family.</p><p>Woody plant species distribution in the TGR WLFZ in 2009.</p

Survival rate analyses of <i>M. alba</i> in 2012 planted in the Xiaohe village WLFZ.

<p>ND, not determined.</p><p>Survival rate analyses of <i>M. alba</i> in 2012 planted in the Xiaohe village WLFZ.</p

The coordinate data of 22 sampling sites of the water-level-fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2009.

<p>The coordinate data of 22 sampling sites of the water-level-fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2009.</p

Physiological responses of <i>M. alba</i> planted in the TGR WLFZ during the recovery stage after winter flooding.

<p>Ch <i>a</i>, chlorophyll a; Ch <i>b</i>, chlorophyll b; <i>A</i>, net photosynthetic rate; <i>g_s</i>, stomatal conductance; <i>C_i</i>, intercellular CO₂ concentration; <i>E</i>, transpiration rate. Values are means ± SE (n = 6). The values followed by different letters significantly differed at P<0.05 according to Duncan's test. <i>P>Ff</i> indicate comparisons between treatments; <i>Ff</i>, effect of flooding stress.</p><p>Physiological responses of <i>M. alba</i> planted in the TGR WLFZ during the recovery stage after winter flooding.</p

Comparative Proteomic and Physiological Analyses Reveal the Protective Effect of Exogenous Polyamines in the Bermudagrass (<i>Cynodon dactylon</i>) Response to Salt and Drought Stresses

Polyamines conferred enhanced abiotic stress tolerance in multiple plant species. However, the effect of polyamines on abiotic stress and physiological change in bermudagrass, the most widely used warm-season turfgrasses, are unknown. In this study, pretreatment of exogenous polyamine conferred increased salt and drought tolerances in bermudagrass. Comparative proteomic analysis was performed to further investigate polyamines mediated responses, and 36 commonly regulated proteins by at least two types of polyamines in bermudagrass were successfully identified, including 12 proteins with increased level, 20 proteins with decreased level and other 4 specifically expressed proteins. Among them, proteins involved in electron transport and energy pathways were largely enriched, and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) and three antioxidant enzymes were extensively regulated by polyamines. Dissection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels indicated that polyamine-derived H₂O₂ production might play dual roles under abiotic stress conditions. Moreover, accumulation of osmolytes was also observed after application of exogenous polyamines, which is consistent with proteomics results that several proteins involved in carbon fixation pathway were mediated commonly by polyamines pretreatment. Taken together, we proposed that polyamines could activate multiple pathways that enhance bermudagrass adaption to salt and drought stresses. These findings might be applicable for genetically engineering of grasses and crops to improve stress tolerance