8 research outputs found
Facile Template-Free Fabrication of Aluminum-Organophosphorus Hybrid Nanorods: Formation Mechanism and Enhanced Luminescence Property
Recently, much effort has been directed toward fabrication
of metal-organophosphorus hybrids with microporous,
fibered, layered, and open structures to obtain desired mechanical,
optical, electric, and catalytic properties. In this work, aluminum–phosphorus
hybrid nanorods (<b>APHNRs</b>) with regular morphology were
prepared by a template-free hydrothermal reaction of aluminum hydroxide
with diphenylphosphinic acid (DPPA). Structure characterization of <b>APHNRs</b> by Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction
demonstrate a structure with aluminophosphate main chains and phenyl
pendant groups, which enable self-assembly into nanorods. The reaction
conditions and the structures of phosphinic acids appear to have a
significant impact on the morphology and size of nanorods. Moreover,
the evolution of morphology and structure assembly during the forming
process of <b>APHNRs</b>, as monitored by SEM and XRD, reveal
a decomposition-assembly
propagation process where the driving force of assembly
is attributed to π–π stacking interactions between
phenyl pendant groups. <b>APHNRs</b> show a significant increase
in light emission relative to pure DPPA
due to their compact structure resulting from the π–π
stacking interaction. Detailed investigation revealed that photoluminescence
was remarkably amplified by enhancing the compactness of <b>APHNRs</b>
Entropy-Driven Pattern Formation of Hybrid Vesicular Assemblies Made from Molecular and Nanoparticle Amphiphiles
Although
an analogy has been drawn between them, organic molecular
amphiphiles (MAMs) and inorganic nanoparticle (NP) amphiphiles (NPAMs)
are significantly different in dimension, geometry, and composition
as well as their assembly behavior. Their concurrent assembly can
synergetically combine the inherent properties of both building blocks,
thus leading to new hybrid materials with increasing complexity and
functionality. Here we present a new strategy to fabricate hybrid
vesicles with well-defined shape, morphology, and surface pattern
by coassembling MAMs of block copolymers (BCPs) and NPAMs comprising
inorganic NPs tethered with amphiphilic BCPs. The assembly of binary
mixtures generated unique hybrid Janus-like vesicles with different
shapes, patchy vesicles, and heterogeneous vesicles. Our experimental
and computational studies indicate that the different nanostructures
arise from the delicate interplay between the dimension mismatch of
the two types of amphiphiles, the entanglement of polymer chains,
and the mobility of NPAMs. In addition, the entropic attraction between
NPAMs plays a dominant role in controlling the lateral phase separation
of the two types of amphiphiles in the membranes. The ability to utilize
multiple distinct amphiphiles to construct discrete assemblies represents
a promising step in the self-assembly of structurally complex functional
materials
Janus Particles Synthesis by Emulsion Interfacial Polymerization: Polystyrene as Seed or Beyond?
New strategies for
synthesis of Janus particles are of essential
importance in the advancement of material science and technology.
However, it remains a great challenge to synthesize uniform Janus
particles with controllable topological and chemical anisotropy. To
overcome this challenge, we have recently developed a general emulsion
interfacial polymerization approach. This approach can be applicable
to a wide variety of vinyl monomers, including positively charged,
neutrally charged, and negatively charged monomers. Different from
the traditional seed swelling emulsion polymerization that usually
involved using cross-linked polystyrene (PS) particles as seeds to
produce Janus particles, we preloaded non-cross-linked PS particles
in the emulsion system to construct an interfacial polymerization
system. However, the role of these non-cross-linked PS particles in
the emulsion interfacial polymerization is unclear. In this work,
we revealed the role of non-cross-linked PS particles preloaded in
emulsion interfacial polymerization for fabricating uniform Janus
particles with controllable topology. We found that the introduction
of non-cross-linked PS particles could significantly control the topology
and uniformity of Janus particles. Theoretical simulation results
by dissipative particle dynamics simulation coupled with stochastic
reaction model revealed that the polymer chains of PS inside oil droplets
play a decisive role in the topographic control of Janus particles.
These hydrophobic PS chains could slow down the polymerization inside
oil droplets due to shielding effect of the PS chains to the newly
formed polyÂ(styrene–divinylbenzene) (PSDVB) nucleus. Meanwhile,
we demonstrated that the diverse topology features of Janus particles
could be tuned by regulating the concentration of PS polymer and monomers.
These results may help us to comprehensively understand the mechanism
of emulsion interfacial polymerization methodology and design new
functional particle materials
Synergistic Tailoring of Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Interactions for Rapid and Specific Recognition of Lysophosphatidic Acid, an Early-Stage Ovarian Cancer Biomarker
Early
detection of ovarian cancer, the most lethal type of gynecologic
cancer, can dramatically improve the efficacy of available treatment
strategies. However, few screening tools exist for rapidly and effectively
diagnosing ovarian cancer in early stages. Here, we present a facile
“lock–key” strategy, based on rapid, specific
detection of plasma lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, an early stage biomarker)
with polydiacetylenes (PDAs)-based probe, for the early diagnosis
of ovarian cancer. This strategy relies on specifically inserting
LPA “key” into the PDAs “lock” through
the synergistic electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between
them, leading to conformation transition of the PDA backbone with
a concomitant blue-to-red color change. The detailed mechanism underlying
the high selectivity of PDAs toward LPA is revealed by comprehensive
theoretical calculation and experiments. Moreover, the level of LPA
can be quantified in plasma samples from both mouse xenograft tumor
models and patients with ovarian cancer. Impressively, this approach
can be introduced into a portable point-of-care device to successfully
distinguish the blood samples of patients with ovarian cancer from
those of healthy people, with 100% accuracy. This work provides a
valuable portable tool for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer and thus
holds a great promise to dramatically improve the overall survival
Hydrogen Bonding Stabilized Self-Assembly of Inorganic Nanoparticles: Mechanism and Collective Properties
Developing a simple and efficient method to organize nanoscale building blocks into ordered superstructures, understanding the mechanism for self-assembly and revealing the essential collective properties are crucial steps toward the practical use of nanostructures in nanotechnology-based applications. In this study, we showed that the high-yield formation of ZnO nanoparticle chains with micrometer length can be readily achieved by the variation of solvents from methanol to water. Spectroscopic studies confirmed the solvent effect on the surface properties of ZnO nanoparticles, which were found to be critical for the formation of anisotropic assemblies. Quantum mechanical calculations and all atom molecular dynamic simulations indicated the contribution of hydrogen bonding for stabilizing the structure in water. Dissipative particle dynamics further revealed the importance of solvent–nanoparticle interactions for promoting one-dimensional self-assembly. The branching of chains was found upon aging, resulting in the size increase of the ensembles and network formation. Steady-state and time-resolved luminescent spectroscopes, which probed the variation of defect-related emission, revealed stronger Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between nanoparticles when the chain networks were formed. The high efficiency of FRET quenching can be ascribed to the presence of multiple energy transfer channels, as well as the short internanoparticle distances and the dipole alignment
A Supramolecular Janus Hyperbranched Polymer and Its Photoresponsive Self-Assembly of Vesicles with Narrow Size Distribution
Herein,
we report a novel Janus particle and supramolecular block
copolymer consisting of two chemically distinct hyperbranched polymers,
which is coined as Janus hyperbranched polymer. It is constructed
by the noncovalent coupling between a hydrophobic hyperbranched polyÂ(3-ethyl-3-oxetanemethanol)
with an apex of an azobenzene (AZO) group and a hydrophilic hyperbranched
polyglycerol with an apex of a β-cyclodextrin (CD) group through
the specific AZO/CD host–guest interactions. Such an amphiphilic
supramolecular polymer resembles a tree together with its root very
well in the architecture and can further self-assemble into unilamellar
bilayer vesicles with narrow size distribution, which disassembles
reversibly under the irradiation of UV light due to the <i>trans</i>-to-<i>cis</i> isomerization of the AZO groups. In addition,
the obtained vesicles could further aggregate into colloidal crystal-like
close-packed arrays under freeze-drying conditions. The dynamics and
mechanism for the self-assembly of vesicles as well as the bilayer
structure have been disclosed by a dissipative particle dynamics simulation
Photoinduced Conversion of Cu Nanoclusters Self-Assembly Architectures from Ribbons to Spheres
Two-dimensional
(2D) nanomaterials have attracted much attention
because of the unique layered structures and charming properties in
many applications. However, with respect to stimulus-responsive 2D
nanomaterials, the rigidity of most 2D nanostructures sheds doubt
on achieving morphology response. In this paper, a photoresponsive
2D nanostructure is fabricated on the basis of the self-assembly of
ultrasmall Cu nanoclusters (NCs) in colloidal solution. The Cu NCs
are foremost decorated by the capping ligands with photoresponsive
azobenzene (Azo) groups and by virtue of the flexibility of self-assembly
techniques to produce nanoribbons. Because the ribbons are composed
of individual NCs rather than a rigid whole, the ultraviolet (UV)-induced
Cu NCs disassembly permits achieving morphology transformation. The
disassembly of Cu ribbons is controlled by the Cu NCs rather than
the surface ligands. However, the disassembled Cu NCs will reassemble
into spheres if they are coated with Azo groups. The electrocatalytic
performance of Cu self-assembly ribbons and spheres in oxygen reduction
reaction is further compared. The ribbons show better catalytic activity
than the spheres
Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Plasmonic Micelle-Like Nanoparticles in Selective Solvents
Amphiphilic plasmonic micelle-like
nanoparticles (APMNs) composed
of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs)
structurally resemble polymer micelles with well-defined architectures
and chemistry. The APMNs can be potentially considered as a prototype
for modeling a higher-level self-assembly of micelles. The understanding
of such secondary self-assembly is of particular importance for the
bottom-up design of new hierarchical nanostructures. This article
describes the self-assembly, modeling, and applications of APMN assemblies
in selective solvents. In a mixture of water/tetrahydrofuran, APMNs
assembled into various superstructures, including unimolecular micelles,
clusters with controlled number of APMNs, and vesicles, depending
on the lengths of polymer tethers and the sizes of AuNP cores. The
delicate interplay of entropy and enthalpy contributions to the overall
free energy associated with the assembly process, which is strongly
dependent on the spherical architecture of APMNs, yields an assembly
diagram that is different from the assembly of linear BCPs. Our experimental
and computational studies suggested that the morphologies of assemblies
were largely determined by the deformability of the effective nanoparticles
(that is, nanoparticles together with tethered chains as a whole).
The assemblies of APMNs resulted in strong absorption in near-infrared
range due to the remarkable plasmonic coupling of Au cores, thus facilitating
their biomedical applications in bioimaging and photothermal therapy
of cancer