11 research outputs found
Neutral-Color Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells with All-Graphene Electrodes
Graphene has been considered as a promising material for transparent electrodes due to its advantages including ultrahigh carrier mobilities, high optical transmittance, excellent mechanical flexibility, and good stability. Solar cells with all-graphene electrodes are potentially low-cost, high-performance, and environmental friendly, which however have not been realized until now. Here, we report the fabrication of semitransparent organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with graphene transparent electrodes as both cathode and anode, which can absorb light from both sides with the power conversion efficiency up to 3.4%. Meanwhile, the OPVs have a neutral color and show the transmittance of âź40% in the visible region, making them suitable for some special applications, such as power-generating windows and building integrated photovoltaics. This work demonstrates the great potential of graphene for the applications in carbon-based optoelectronic devices
Detection of Bisphenol A Using DNA-Functionalized Graphene Field Effect Transistors Integrated in Microfluidic Systems
Bisphenol
A (BPA) detection has attracted much attention recently for its importance
to food safety and environment. The DNA-functionalized solution-gated
graphene transistors are integrated in microfluidic systems and used
for recycling detections of BPA for the first time. In the presence
of BPA, both single- and double-stranded DNA molecules are detached
and released from the graphene surface in aqueous solutions, leading
to the change of device electrical performance. The channel currents
of the devices change monotonically with the concentration of BPA.
Moreover, the devices modified with double-stranded DNA are more sensitive
to BPA and show the detection limit down to 10 ng/mL. The highly sensitive
label-free BPA sensors are expected to be used for convenient BPA
detections in many applications
The Application of Highly Doped Single-Layer Graphene as the Top Electrodes of Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells
A single-layer graphene film with high conductance and transparency was realized by effective chemical doping. The conductance of single-layer graphene was increased for more than 400% when it was doped with Au nanoparticles and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonic acid). Then semitransparent organic solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were fabricated with single-layer graphene and indium tin oxide (ITO) as the top and bottom electrodes, respectively. The performance of the devices was optimized by tuning the active layer thickness and doping the single-layer graphene electrodes. The maximum efficiency of 2.7% was observed in the devices with the area of 20 mm<sup>2</sup> illuminated from graphene electrode under the AM1.5 solar simulator. It is notable that all of the devices showed higher efficiency from the graphene than ITO side, which was attributed to the better transmittance of the graphene electrodes. In addition, the influence of the active area of the organic solar cell on its photovoltaic performance was studied. We found that, when the active areas increased from 6 to 50 mm<sup>2</sup>, the power conversion efficiencies decreased from 3% to 2.3% because of the increased series resistances and the decreased edge effect of the devices
Enhancing Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells through Nb-Doping of TiO<sub>2</sub> at Low Temperature
The conduction band
energy, conductivity, mobility, and electronic trap states of electron
transport layer (ETL) are very important to the efficiency and stability
of a planar perovskite solar cell (PSC). However, as the most widely
used ETL, TiO<sub>2</sub> often needs to be prepared under high temperature
and has unfavorable electrical properties such as low conductivity
and high electronic trap states. Modifications such as elemental doping
are effective methods for improving the electrical properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> and the performance of PSCs. In this study, Nb-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> films are prepared by a facile one-port chemical bath process
at low temperature (70 °C) and applied as a high quality ETL
for planar PSCs. Compared with pure TiO<sub>2</sub>, the Nb-doped
TiO<sub>2</sub> is more efficient for photogenerated electron injection
and extraction, showing higher conductivity, higher mobility, and
lower trap-state density. A PSC with 1% Nb-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> yielded
a power conversion efficiency of more than 19%, with about 90% of
its initial efficiency remaining after storing for 1200 h in air or
annealing at 80 °C for 20 h in a glovebox
Dithiafulvenyl Unit as a New Donor for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Synthesis and Demonstration of a Family of Metal-Free Organic Sensitizers
This work identifies the dithiafulvenyl unit as an excellent electron donor for constructing DâĎâA-type metal-free organic sensitizers of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Synthesized and tested are three sensitizers all with this donor and a cyanoacrylic acid acceptor but differing in the phenyl (<b>DTF-C1</b>), biphenyl (<b>DTF-C2</b>), and phenylâthiopheneylâphenyl Ď-bridges (<b>DTF-C3</b>). Devices based on these dyes exhibit a dramatically improved performance with the increasing Ď-bridge length, culminating with DTF-C3 in Ρ = 8.29% under standard global AM 1.5 illumination
Synthesis and Properties of Dithiafulvenyl Functionalized Spiro[fluorene-9,9â˛-xanthene] Molecules
Two spiroannulated
molecular structures with dithiafulvenyl units
functionalized at the 2,2â˛,7,7â˛- (<b>SFX-DTF1</b>) and 2,3â˛,6,â˛7- (<b>SFX-DTF2</b>) positions
of a spiroÂ[fluorene-9,9â˛-xanthene] core were synthesized. Studies
revealed the hole mobility was significantly influenced by the dithiafulvenyl
functionalized positions in the molecular structure. To explore their
primary applications as hole-transporting materials in perovskite
solar cells, <b>SFX-DTF1</b>-based devices exhibited a power
conversion efficiency of 10.67% without the use of p-type dopants,
yielding good air stability
CO<sub>2</sub> Plasma-Treated TiO<sub>2</sub> Film as an Effective Electron Transport Layer for High-Performance Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Perovskite
solar cells (PSCs) have received great attention because of their
excellent photovoltaic properties especially for the comparable efficiency
to silicon solar cells. The electron transport layer (ETL) is regarded
as a crucial medium in transporting electrons and blocking holes for
PSCs. In this study, CO<sub>2</sub> plasma generated by plasma-enhanced
chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was introduced to modify the TiO<sub>2</sub> ETL. The results indicated that the CO<sub>2</sub> plasma-treated
compact TiO<sub>2</sub> layer exhibited better surface hydrophilicity,
higher conductivity, and lower bulk defect state density in comparison
with the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> film. The quality of the stoichiometric
TiO<sub>2</sub> structure was improved, and the concentration of oxygen-deficiency-induced
defect sites was reduced significantly after CO<sub>2</sub> plasma
treatment for 90 s. The PSCs with the TiO<sub>2</sub> film treated
by CO<sub>2</sub> plasma for 90 s exhibited simultaneously improved
short-circuit current (<i>J</i><sub>SC</sub>) and fill factor.
As a result, the PSC-based TiO<sub>2</sub> ETL with CO<sub>2</sub> plasma treatment affords a power conversion efficiency of 15.39%,
outperforming that based on pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> (13.54%). These
results indicate that the plasma treatment by the PECVD method is
an effective approach to modify the ETL for high-performance planar
PSCs
Magnetic Field-Assisted Perovskite Film Preparation for Enhanced Performance of Solar Cells
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising low-cost photovoltaic
technologies with high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The crystalline
quality of perovskite materials is crucial to the photovoltaic performance
of the PSCs. Herein, a simple approach is introduced to prepare high-quality
CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite films with
larger crystalline grains and longer carriers lifetime by using magnetic
field to control the nucleation and crystal growth. The fabricated
planar CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> solar cells have
an average PCE of 17.84% and the highest PCE of 18.56% using an optimized
magnetic field at 80 mT. In contrast, the PSCs fabricated without
the magnetic field give an average PCE of 15.52% and the highest PCE
of 16.72%. The magnetic field action produces an ordered arrangement
of the perovskite ions, improving the crystallinity of the perovskite
films and resulting in a higher PCE
High-Performance, Self-Powered Photodetectors Based on Perovskite and Graphene
An
ideal photodetector must exhibit a fast and wide tunable spectral
response, be highly responsive, have low power consumption, and have
a facile fabrication process. In this work, a self-powered photodetector
with a graphene electrode and a perovskite photoactive layer is assembled
for the first time. The graphene electrode is prepared using a solution
transfer process, and the perovskite layer is prepared using a solution
coating process, which makes the device low cost. Graphene can form
a Schottky junction with TiO<sub>2</sub> to efficiently separate/transport
photogenerated excitons at the graphene/perovskite interface. Unlike
the conventional photovoltaic structure, in this photodetector, both
photogenerated electrons and holes are transported along the same
direction to graphene, and electrons tunneled into TiO<sub>2</sub> are collected by the cathode and holes transported by graphene are
collected by the anode; therefore, the photodetector is self-powered.
The photodetector has a broad range of detection, from 260 to 900
nm, an ultrahigh onâoff ratio of 4 Ă 10<sup>6</sup>, rapid
response to light onâoff (<5 ms), and a high level of detection
of âź10<sup>11</sup> Jones. The high performance is primarily
due to the unique charge-transport property of graphene and strong
light absorption properties of perovskite. This work suggests a new
method for the production of self-powered photodetectors with high
performance and low power consumption on a large scale
Bifunctional Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride Incorporated Perovskite Films for Efficient and Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Research on the addition
of suitable materials into perovskite film for improved quality is
important to fabricate efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
An attempt to enhance the quality of perovskite is performed by incorporation
of a bifunctional hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HaHc) into pristine
perovskite solution. On the one hand, the chloride ion in HaHc changes
the crystallization kinetic and defect state of the perovskite film
and a high-quality perovskite film with larger grain size and lower
defect density is obtained. Perovskite solar cell (PSC) with HaHc
additive exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.69% with
less hysteresis, which is obviously higher than that of pristine cells
(16.85%). On the other hand, the hydroxyl group in HaHc can form a
strong hydrogen bond with iodide ion in perovskite film to impede
the decomposition of the film when under thermal annealing or storing
in air. As a result, the PSCs with HaHc additive show superior thermal
and air stability to the pristine devices. These results indicate
that the addition of HaHc in perovskite film can greatly improve the
performance of PSCs as well as their thermal and air stability