29 research outputs found
CLINICAL AND GENETIC SCREENING OF CONGENITAL DEAFNESS
Pojavnost priroÄenog oÅ”teÄenja sluha je najmanje 1/1000 novoroÄene djece. Oko polovice oÅ”teÄenja sluha je nasljedno, od Äega se treÄina javlja u sklopu razliÄitih sindroma (sindromska gluhoÄa), a u dvije treÄine sluÄajeva gluhoÄa je jedini simptom (nesindromska gluhoÄa). Smatra se da oko 200 razliÄitih gena uzrokuje pojedine oblike nasljedne gluhoÄe. Razvoj molekularne genetike omoguÄio je znaÄajan napredak u detekciji i lokalizaciji ovih gena. Mutacije gena koji kodira sintezu koneksina-26 uzrokuju viÅ”e od polovice svih sluÄajeva nasljedne gluhoÄe. Guilford je 1994. prvi Āopisao autosomno recesivnu nesindromsku gluhoÄu u lokusu DFNB1 13q11-q12 na 13. kromosomu. U unutarnjem uhu koneksin-26 ima ulogu u recikliranju kalijevih iona od baze dlakavih stanica, preko potpornih stanica i fibroblasta do strije vaskularis, odakle se dalje posebnim kanalima izbacuju u endolimfu. Na tom putu kalijevi ioni prolaze kroz zjapne veze koje izgraÄuju koneksin-26, koneksin-30 i koneksin-31. Mutacija u bilo kojem od gena koji kodiraju koneksine mijenja ionski sastav osjetnih stanica i rezultira nastankom gluhoÄe. NovoroÄenaÄki probir na oÅ”teÄenje sluha poÄeo se razvijati prije Äetrdesetak godina. AudioloÅ”kim probirom metodom evocirane otoakustiÄke emisije (E-OAE) nastoji se otkriti Å”to viÅ”e djece s oÅ”teÄenim sluhom. Djeca u koje se ovom metodom postavi sumnja na oÅ”teÄenje sluha, upuÄuju se na automatsko bilježenje evociranih potencijala moždanog debla. U djece s pozitivnim audioloÅ”kim nalazom, molekularno-genetsko testiranje danas je moguÄe za veliki broj gena, ali zbog velike prevalencije mutacija u koneksinskim genima, samo takvo testiranje je Å”ire prihvaÄeno. Kombinacija audioloÅ”ke i molekularno-genetske analize pokazala se komplementarnom, korisnom i praktiÄki primjenjivom.The incidence of congenital hearing impairment is at least 1/1000 newborns. Approximately one half of hearing impairments is hereditary, out of which one third occurs as part of different syndromes (syndromic deafness), and in two thirds of these cases deafness is the only symptom (non-syndromic deafness). It is considered that around 200 Ādifferent genes cause various forms of hereditary deafness. The development of molecular genetics has enabled significant progress in the detection and localization of these genes. Mutations of the gene that encodes the connexin-26 synthesis cause more than half of all hereditary deafness cases. In 1994, Guilford first described autosomal recessive non-syndromic deafness in locus DFNB1 13q11-q12 on the 13th chromosome. In the inner ear, connexin-26 plays a role in the recycling of potassium ions from hairy cells base, through supporting cells and fibroblasts to stria vascularis, from where they are then discharged into endolymph via special channels. On its way, potassium ions pass through gap junctions composed of connexin-26, connexin-30 and connexin-31. Mutation in any of the genes that encode connexins alters the ionic composition of sensory cells and results in the development of deafness. Newborn hearing impairment screening started developing some 40 years ago. Audiologic screening by evoked otoacoustic emission method (E-OAE) aims at detecting as many children as possible with hearing impairment. Children who after using this method are suspected of having hearing impairment are then referred for automated auditory brainstem response. In children with positive audiologic findings, molecular-genetic testing is today possible for a large number of genes, however, due to the significant prevalence of mutations in the connexin genes, only such a testing is more widely accepted. Combination of audiologic and molecular-genetic analysis has proven to be complementary, useful and applicable in practice
MajÄino mlijeko najbolji je izbor prehrane za novoroÄenÄe i dojenÄe Breast milk is the ideal food for newborns and infants
Nizom dugogodiÅ”njih istraživanja potvrÄene su prednosti majÄinog mlijeka za zdravlje, rast i razvoj djece, a tako i za zdravlje njihovih majki. MajÄino mlijeko sadržava mnogo komponenata koje imaju važnu nutritivnu i imunoloÅ”ku ulogu za dijete. Dojenje ima važnu zaÅ”titnu ulogu i za majku. Velika važnost pridaje se promoviranju Å”to duljeg dojenja s ciljem oÄuvanja i unapreÄenja zdravlja djeteta.
Dojenje ima i važnu psihosocijalnu ulogu. Zbog navedenih razloga, potrebno je omoguÄiti dojenÄadi sve blagodati prirodne prehrane te svesti hranjenje dojenÄadi mlijekom drugih sisavaca, kao i adaptiranom prehranom na minimum. Tijekom gestacije majka i njezino dijete su povezani, a dojenjem se emocionalna povezanost produbljuje i jaÄa. Prvi kontakt novoroÄenÄeta s majkom kljuÄan je za zdrav emocionalni razvoj u djetinjstvu i odrasloj dobi. Potrebno je osigurati povoljne ekonomske, psihosocijalne i kulturne uvjete u suvremenom druÅ”tvu,
smanjiti neinformiranost i negativan stav o dojenju da bi se dojenje provodilo u odgovarajuÄem vremenskom tijeku i da se izbjegne preuranjena ablaktacija
HUMAN MILK FORTIFIERS IN NUTRITION OF PREMATURE INFANTS
Postnatalni rast praÄen je poveÄanjem tjelesne mase kao i kompleksnim pojavama sazrijevanja funkcija organa, iza Äega stoje složeni mehanizmi na organskoj i staniÄnoj razini. U biti rasta i razvoja stoje procesi maturacije i diferencijacije. NedonÅ”Äad ispod 2 kg ima posebne potrebe u tom pogledu jer ih možemo smatrati fetusima ex utero. Teoretski, njihova stopa rasta u tom bi sluÄaju trebala biti sliÄna stopi rasta u fetusa. MajÄino mlijeko pri prijevremenom poroÄaju ne zadovoljava u potpunosti poveÄane potrebe nedonoÅ”Äeta za energijom, bjelanÄevinama i elektrolitima. PreporuÄa se majÄinome mlijeku dodavati preparate koji poveÄavaju sadžaj tvari potrebnih za metabolizam. Time se postiže rast od 15 do 25 g/kg/dan, smanjuje se mogu}nost nastanka metaboliÄke bolesti kostiju, uz dobru podno{ljivost pripravka.The postnatal growth is followed by the body mass increase and complex phenomena of organ function maturation, behind which mechanisms on organic and cellular level can be recognized. Processes of maturation and differentiation are essential to the growth and development. Premature neonates below two kilograms, which can be recognized as fetuses ex utero, have specific needs in this regard. Theoretically, their growth rate should be similar to the fetal one. Human preterm milk is less than optimal to satisfy the preterm infantās increased protein, energy and electrolyte requirements. Therefore, it is recommendable to fortify human milk to increase the metabolyte content. Herewith, the growth in wet weight of 15-25 g/kg/day has been achieved, the metabolic bone disease has been unlikely to emerge, and a fair preparation to tolerance has been recognized, too
FROM FETAL TO NEONATAL NEUROLOGY
Posljednjih nekoliko godina sve se veÄi znaÄaj pridaje moguÄim prenatalnim Äimbenicima oÅ”teÄenja mozga u djece s neuroloÅ”kim oÅ”teÄenjem. Dokazano je da Äetvrtina djece umrle tijekom ranog neonatalnog razdoblja imaju prenatalno oÅ”teÄenje mozga. Nadalje, postoje snažni dokazi da u veÄine terminske djece oboljele od cerebralne paralize nije razlog perinatalna asfiksija, nego uzroke treba tražiti joÅ” za vrijeme intrauterinog života. PraÄenje i razvoj fetalnih, odnosno neonatalnih pokreta opisani su kao važan proces sazrijevnja i vrlo osjetljiv pokazatelj cjelokupnog neuroloÅ”kog, odnosno buduÄeg kognitivnog statusa djeteta. Pojava visoko kvalitetnih 3D/4D ultrazvuÄnih aparata omoguÄila je napredak u analizi obrazaca fetalnih pokreta. Promatranje u stvarnom vremenu s dovoljno dinamike i s dobrom rezolucijom prikaza omoguÄilo je stvaranje novog prenatalnog KANET brojevnog testa. Parametri koji su koriÅ”teni u tom testu rezultat su prethodno provedenih multicentriÄnih istraživanja fetalnog ponaÅ”anja primjenom 2D ultrazvuka i neonatalnih znakova preporuÄenih od Amiel-Tison. Otkako je primjena 4D ultrazvuka omoguÄila prikaz i vrednovanje fetalnog lica i malih anatomskih struktura, pokreti usta, oÄiju i prstiju uvedeni su kao posebne varijable u vrednovanju testa. Prednost je takoÄer i primjena dijagnostiÄkih kriterija u fetalnom i neonatalnom razdoblju. Neonatalna neurologija je novo obeÄavajuÄe podruÄje za moguÄnost prenatalnog neuroloÅ”kog testiranja.In recent years increasing emphasis has been placed on prenatal origin of brain injury in the case of neurologically impaired infants. It was found that 25% of infants who died within one neonatal week had prenatal brain damage. Furthermore, a strong evidence was provided that most examples of cerebral palsy in full term infants were not the result of perinatal asphyxial events, but of prenatal intrauterine problems. The development of movement patterns has been described as a major maturational process and a sensitive indicator of neurobehavioral organization and future temperamental and cognitive status. Further advancement in the analysis of fetal movement patterns was the introduction of high quality 3D/4DE ultrasound which allowed the observer to carry out real-time observations with sufficient dynamics and good image resolution and enabled production of new prenatal scoring test KANET. The parameters used in the test are products of previously conducted multicentric research on fetal behaviour assessed by 2D sonography combined with neonatal signs suggested by Amiel-Tison. Since 4D enabled the evaluation of face and small anatomic parts, the movements of mouth, eyes and fingers are enrolled in the test as special variables. There is also the advantage that some criteria for the diagnostic assessment can be used for the fetus as well as for the young infant. Neonatal neurology is new promising field for evaluation of antenatal neurobehaviour testing
ANEMIA IN PREMATURITY Ā· THE ROLE OF HUMAN RECOMBINANT ERYTHOROPOIETIN
Anemija u nedonoÅ”Äadi je patoloÅ”ko stanje koje u pravilu pogaĆ°a novoroĆ°enÄad vrlo niske rodne mase. Uzrok anemije je nedovoljno stvaranje eritropoetina. Osnova lijeÄenja su transfuzije koje bolesnika izlaƦu mnogim nepoželjnim uÄincima. Pojava sintetskih rekombinantnih humanih eritropoetina (rHuEPO) pružila je moguÄnost poticanja vlastite eritropoeze i time smanjila potrebu za transfuzijama. Primjena rekombinantnoga humanog eritropoetina ne dovodi do supresije vlastite proizvodnje eritropoetina u nedonoÅ”Äadi. Nuspojave koje se javljaju tijekom ili nakon lijeÄenja anemije, rijetko su zamijeÄene. Primjena rHuEPO u nedonoÅ”Äadi ne utjeÄe na rast. U lijeÄenju anemije zbog nedonoÅ”enosti, uz rHuEPO potrebno je osigurati primjeren unos željeza, vitamina i bjelanÄevina. Racionalna primjena eritropoetina u prevenciji i lijeÄenju anemije zbog nedonoÅ”enosti, svakako znaÄi napredak u cjelokupnoj skrbi za prijevremeno roĆ°enu djecu.Anemia in prematures is a pathological state usually present in neonates with low birth weight. The cause of anemia is insufficient erythropoietin secretion. The principal treatment previously were blood transfusions which exposed the patients to many adverse effects. Discovery of synthetic recombinant human erythropoietins (rHuEPO) has given the opportunity to induce patient's erythropoiesis and reduce the need for blood transfusions. The use of rHuEPO in such condition doesn't suppress patient's own erythropoiesis, with low incidence of adverse events during and after the treatment. At the same time, rHuEPO doesn't influence patient's growth. Treatment of anemia in prematurity, beside the use of rHuEPO, also must include adequate iron, vitamins and proteins intake. The introduction and rational use of rHuEPO in the prevention and treatment of anemia in prematures certainly represents the significant progress in total medical care for such premature born children
ANEMIA IN PREMATURITY Ā· THE ROLE OF HUMAN RECOMBINANT ERYTHOROPOIETIN
Anemija u nedonoÅ”Äadi je patoloÅ”ko stanje koje u pravilu pogaĆ°a novoroĆ°enÄad vrlo niske rodne mase. Uzrok anemije je nedovoljno stvaranje eritropoetina. Osnova lijeÄenja su transfuzije koje bolesnika izlaƦu mnogim nepoželjnim uÄincima. Pojava sintetskih rekombinantnih humanih eritropoetina (rHuEPO) pružila je moguÄnost poticanja vlastite eritropoeze i time smanjila potrebu za transfuzijama. Primjena rekombinantnoga humanog eritropoetina ne dovodi do supresije vlastite proizvodnje eritropoetina u nedonoÅ”Äadi. Nuspojave koje se javljaju tijekom ili nakon lijeÄenja anemije, rijetko su zamijeÄene. Primjena rHuEPO u nedonoÅ”Äadi ne utjeÄe na rast. U lijeÄenju anemije zbog nedonoÅ”enosti, uz rHuEPO potrebno je osigurati primjeren unos željeza, vitamina i bjelanÄevina. Racionalna primjena eritropoetina u prevenciji i lijeÄenju anemije zbog nedonoÅ”enosti, svakako znaÄi napredak u cjelokupnoj skrbi za prijevremeno roĆ°enu djecu.Anemia in prematures is a pathological state usually present in neonates with low birth weight. The cause of anemia is insufficient erythropoietin secretion. The principal treatment previously were blood transfusions which exposed the patients to many adverse effects. Discovery of synthetic recombinant human erythropoietins (rHuEPO) has given the opportunity to induce patient's erythropoiesis and reduce the need for blood transfusions. The use of rHuEPO in such condition doesn't suppress patient's own erythropoiesis, with low incidence of adverse events during and after the treatment. At the same time, rHuEPO doesn't influence patient's growth. Treatment of anemia in prematurity, beside the use of rHuEPO, also must include adequate iron, vitamins and proteins intake. The introduction and rational use of rHuEPO in the prevention and treatment of anemia in prematures certainly represents the significant progress in total medical care for such premature born children
Renal dysfunction and anemia in patients with heart failure ā the cardio-renal anemia syndrome
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause
of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease.
The appearance of cardiovascular complications is
strongly in positive correlation with the severity of kidney disease.
About 40% of patients with moderate or severe kidney
disease and even 60% of patients in the terminal phase have
some degree of chronic heart failure. āThe Cardio-Renal Syndromeā
represents a variety of pathophysiological abnormalities
of the heart and kidney, where acute or chronic dysfunction
of one organ may provoke acute or chronic dysfunction of
the other organ. Renal impairment and anemia are frequent in
heart failure patients and negatively influence the quality of
life and life expectancy. The coexistence of these three conditions
has been described as āThe Cardio-Renal Anemia Syndromeā
(CRAS). Although the syndrome has been generally
defined, there are no guidelines for CRAS diagnosis and treatment,
and management of patients mostly depends on the specialty
of the physician met first. Currently, anemia in CRAS
must be treated according to the guidelines for anemia in
chronic kidney disease. After several smaller clinical trials
with encouraging results, larger ongoing cinical investigations
will elucidate the real importance of anemia management in
patients with heart failure. By the time specific guidelines for
CRAS management are published, there will be a need for
multidisciplinary approach, based on the existing separate guidelines
for all components of the syndrome
MAGNETSKA REZONANCA POBOLJÅ AVA PRENATALNU DIJAGNOZU TUBEROZNE SKLEROZE
Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a genetically determined, multisystem disorder. There is no consistent correlation between specific TSC gene mutation and clinical outcome. This fact diminishes the value of prenatal TS genetic testing to future infantās clinical outcome. Authors have shown how imaging techniques could increase accuracy of prenatal diagnosis. They have described a case of prenatally diagnosed TS by using high frequency real time ultrasound and fetal cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the second half of an uneventful pregnancy. A 25-year old patient has been studied from 27 weeks of gestation and repeating echocardiographic examinations of the female fetus revealed two solid cardiac tumors. One of them arose from the interventricular septum, while the other from the right atrium. Fetal cranial MRI has been performed at 36 weeks of gestation. Identified signal abnormalities, which correspond to brain hamartoĀ¬mas, highly suggested presence of TS in fetus. An infant was born at term by vaginal delivery. At the age of four months Westās syndrome has been diagnosed. In addition, authors discuss an ethical problem that may arise when the fetal tests reveal presence of TS.Tuberozna skleroza (TS) je genetski poremeÄaj koji se nasljeÄuje autosomno dominantno, a hipotetski geni koji svojom mutacijom mogu uzrokovati TS su na kromosomu 9 (TSC 1) i 16 (TSC 2). Pretpostavlja se prevalencija od jednog sluÄaja TS na 6000 živoroÄenih, podjednako zahvaÄa oba spola i sve rase i etniÄke skupine. NajÄeÅ”Äe se dijagnosticira u ranom djetinjstvu zbog neuroloÅ”kih simptoma ā epileptiÄkih napadaja i razliÄito izraženog mentalnog hendikepa. Bolest je karakterizirana rastom dobroÄudnih tumora (angiofibroma) u brojnim organima, primarno u mozgu, oÄima, srcu, koži i pluÄima, Å”to otvara realne moguÄnosti da se spomenuti poremeÄaj otkrije i prije roÄenja. U radu je opisana 25-godiÅ”nja trudnica, prvorotkinja, u Äijeg su djeteta pomoÄu ultrazvuka odnosno magnetske rezonance prenatalno otkriveni tumori srca i mozga. Prigodom ultrazvuÄnog pregleda u 27. tjednu trudnoÄe, na popreÄnom presjeku kroz fetalni grudni koÅ”, opažene su dvije solidne, homogene i hiperehogene strukture. Jedna, u podruÄju interventrikularnog septuma, izgledala je kao njegovo vretenasto odnosno trokutasto zadebljanje od 10 mm u najdebljem dijelu, dok je druga, u Ā¬podruÄju lateralne stijenke desnog atrija uz inserciju trikuspidalnog zaliska, bila sliÄnih mjera, ali viÅ”e okruglasta. Obje opisane tumorske tvorbe bile su avaskularne. Rad srca bio je ritmiÄan i nije bilo poremeÄaja hemodinamike. Preostala Ā¬fetalna morfologija bila je uredna. U pupkovini su se nalazile samo dvije krvne žile, pri Äemu je promjer jedine umbilikalne arterije iznosio 4 mm. Kontrolnim pregledima ustanovljava se uredan fetalni rast, poveÄanje spomenutih rabdomioma srca uz oÄuvanu kontraktilnost i ritmiÄni rad. U 36. tjednu trudnoÄe uÄinjen je pomoÄu magnetske rezonance fetalni Ā¬kraniogram. Otkriveni hiperintenzivni signal subependimalno, u blizini nukleus kaudatusa odnosno foramena Monroi s desne strane, odgovarao je ekspanzivnoj formaciji (hamartomu) Äije je prisustvo sugeriralo postojanje TS u fetusa. ToÄno u terminu poroÄeno je vitalno žensko novoroÄenÄe urednog fizikalnog odnosno auskultatornog nalaza srca i pluÄa. U dobi od Äetiri mjeseca života majka po prvi put primjeÄuje u svog djeteta iznenadne trzajeve tijela, ruku i nogu, uz plaÄ i vrisak. U neuroloÅ”kom statusu prevladava generalizirana miÅ”iÄna hipotonija, dok su refleksi uredni. EEG-ski se otkrivaju žariÅ”na izbijanja lijevo temporoparijetalno s generalizacijom po tipu hipsaritmije. Postavljena je dijagnoza tuberozne skleroze i West-ova sindroma. CT mozga pokazuje progresiju cerebralnih promjena, a ultrazvuÄni nalazi blažu regresiju Ā¬rabdoĀ¬mioma srca. Opisani sluÄaj dokazuje da se uz kombiniranu uporabu navedenih slikovnih dijagnostiÄkih metoda može raÄunati s prenatalnom dijagnozom i onih relativno rijetkih genetskih poremeÄaja koji se kliniÄki manifestiraju i uobiÄajeno dijagnosticiraju tek u djeÄjoj dobi. Autori raspravljaju o etiÄkom problemu priopÄavanja medicinskih informacija Ā¬nakon Å”to se postavi prenatalna dijagnoza TS
Possible etiopatogenetics mechanism of sudden infant death syndrome
Sindrom iznenadne dojenaÄke smrti je javnozdravstveni, kliniÄki i sudskomedicinski problem s incidencijom od oko 1ā°. DanaÅ”nja istraživanja podupiru teorije kroniÄnih nepovoljnih perinatalnih zbivanja poput velikih opstetriÄkih sindroma i puÅ”enja, zatim postnatalnih zbivanja poput infekcije, pretjeranog utopljavanja i puÅ”enja, te potrbuÅ”nog položaja spavanja. Izostanak kardiorespiracijskih autoresuscitacijskih mehanizama uzrok je naprasne smrti za koju je trebao zasigurno preduvjet tkivnog, odnosno receptorskog oÅ”teÄenja.Sudden infant death syndrome is a public health, clinical and forensic problem with an incidence of about 1ā°. Today\u27s research supports the theory of chronic adverse perinatal events such as large obstetric syndrome and prenatal smoking, then postnatal events such as infection, excessive warming and smoking and sleeping position. The absence of cardiorespiratory autoresuscitation mechanisms causes the sudden death which certainly needed a prerequisite of tissue or receptor defects
Beta-Blockers: Drugs that Prolong Survival
Beta-blokatori (Ī²-B) imaju veliko znaÄenje u lijeÄenju kardiovaskularnih bolesti zbog svoje sposobnosti blokiranja nepovoljnoga neurohumoralnog uÄinka vrlo složene Ī²-adrenergiÄne stimulacije. Od otkriÄa propranolola, 1964. g., stvoreno je viÅ”e farmakoloÅ”ki razliÄitih Ī²-B. Ī²-B imaju antiishemijska svojstva i rabe se u svim stadijima ishemijske bolesti srca, s izuzetkom vazospastiÄne angine pektoris. Produžavaju život u bolesnika nakon preboljelog infarkta miokarda i imaju posebno povoljan uÄinak na ishod u bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca (ZS), stoga su trenutaÄno jedna od temeljnih skupina lijekova u terapiji ZS-a. Imaju antiaritmijska svojstva i služe za uobiÄajenu kontrolu frekvencije klijetki u bolesnika s kroniÄnom fibrilacijom atrija. Indicirani su u lijeÄenju arterijske hipertenzije, posebno uzimajuÄi u obzir odreÄena pridružena kliniÄka stanja. Rabe se u lijeÄenju bolesnika s opstruktivnom kardiomiopatijom, prolapsom mitralnog zalistka, disekcijom aorte, Marfanovim sindromom, Fallotovom tetralogijom, a i u nekih nekardiovaskularnih bolesti (npr. migrena, esencijalni tremor, glaukom). Ispravno primijenjeni Ī²-B su sigurni lijekovi, dokazano iznimno vrijedni i korisni u mnogim segmentima kardiovaskularnog kontinuuma.Beta blockers (Ī²-B) have an important role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases because of their ability to block adverse neurohumoral effect of very complex Ī²-adrenergic stimulation. Since the discovery of propranolol in 1964, more pharmacologically different Ī²-B have been discovered. Ī²-B have anti-ischemic properties and are used in all stages of ischemic heart disease, with the exception of vasospastic angina pectoris. They prolong life in patients after myocardial infarction and they have particularly beneficial effect on the outcome in patients with heart failure (HF). They are, therefore, one of the main classes of drugs in the treatment of HF. They have antiarrhythmic properties and are used as a common treatment to control ventricular frequency in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. They are indicated in the treatment of arterial hypertension, especially taking into account certain associated clinical conditions. They are used in the treatment of patients with obstructive cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse, aortic dissection, Marfan syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, and are also used in some non-cardiovascular diseases (e.g. migraine, essential tremor, glaucoma). When properly used Ī²-B are safe drugs and have proved extremely valuable and useful in many segments of the cardiovascular continuum