Subjective satiety feeling (Visual Analogue Scale of 100 mm) throughout the experimental sessions (SED: Sedentary; LIE: Low-Intensity Exercise; HIE: High-Intensity Exercise).

<p>BF1: calibrated breakfast on day 1; BF2: <i>ad libitum</i> breakfast on day 2.</p

Energy consumption (KJ) distribution between meals for each experimental session (SED: sedentary; LIE: Low-Intensity Exercise; HIE: High-Intensity exercise).

<p>Breakfast on day 1 (BF1) was calibrated; lunch, dinner and BF2 (breakfast on day 2) were offered <i>ad libitum</i> (adlib). *p<0.05; **p<0.01.</p

Anthropometric characteristics of the adolescents (n = 15).

<p>Data expressed as mean ± standard deviations; BMI: Body Mass Index; WC: Waist Circumference.</p

Energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE) and energy balance (EB) in response to sedentary (SED), low-intensity (LIE) or high-intensity (HIE) exercise sessions in obese adolescents (n = 15).

<p>Measurements were performed over 24 hours, beginning at 08:00am.</p><p>Data expressed as mean ± standard deviations. Significantly different from SED and LIE:</p><p>*p<0.05;</p><p>**p<0.01.</p

Challenges of considering both extremities of the weight status spectrum to better understand obesity: Insights from the NUTRILEAN Project in Constitutionally Thin Individuals

While the physiology of obesity has been so extensively investigated to date, only an extremely small number of studies (less than 50) have focused on the other extremity of the weight spectrum: constitutional thinness. Yet, this important state of underweight in the absence of any eating disorders provides a mirror model of obesity that might be particularly insightful in understanding obesity. Nevertheless, important methodological and recruitment-related issues appear when it comes to this complex constitutionally thin phenotype, as experienced by our research group with the realization of the ongoing NUTRILEAN clinical trial. To face this challenge, the present paper aims at identifying, analysing, and discussing the quality of such recruitment processes in publications about constitutional thinness. In this order, a group of experts collectively created a new grading system to assess the level of rigor and quality achieved by each study based on different criteria. The main results were that (i) metabolic-related biasing criteria were poorly observed despite being crucial, (ii) recruitment processes were not detailed enough and with sufficient explicitness, and (iii) recruiting among already identified patients would be associated with both higher sample sizes and better scores of quality. The present work encourages investigators to adopt a high level of rigor despite the complexity and duration of recruitment processes for this specific population, and readers to pay close attention to the quality of recruitment when interpreting the data. To better understand obesity and its physiological adaptations, it seems essential not only to compare it to normal-weight conditions, but also to the other extremity of the weight status spectrum represented by constitutional thinness.</p

Is the SPARTACUS 15-15 test an accurate proxy for the assessment and tracking of maximal aerobic capacities in adolescents with obesity?

Purpose: While there is a need for reliable field tests for the evaluation of physical fitness in pediatric obesity, the present work i) evaluates the validity of the Spartacus 15-15 test in indirectly assessing maximal aerobic capacity in adolescents with obesity and ii) evaluates its sensibility to weight loss.  Participants and Methods: Fifty-five 11-16 year-old adolescents with obesity (Tanner 3-4) were enrolled in a 12-week weight-management intervention. Maximal Aerobic fitness (VO2peak test + Spartacus test) and body composition (Dual X-ray absorptiometry) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks.  Results: Moderate correlations were found at baseline between VO2peak (2,231.90 ± 465.6 mL/min) and Spartacus stage (6.83 ± 1.8 stage, r=0.52; p≤0.05), speed (12.85 ± 1.8 km/h, r=0.52 ; p≤0.05) and time (20.6 ± 5.4 min; r=0.50; p≤0.05). The intervention favored significant improvements for VO2peak, Spartacus Rate of Perceived Exertion final stage, maximal speed and time. Change over time in VO2peak and Spartacus variables were not correlated.  Conclusion: The Spartacus test can be used as a proxy for VO2peak at baseline and can be used to estimate VO2peak using the proposed equation. The Spartacus 15-15 test might be a better indicator for changes in functional capacity than an indicator of VO2peak changes in youth with obesity.</p

Additional file 3: of Evidence-based practice within nutrition: what are the barriers for improving the evidence and how can they be dealt with?

Relevant references from the academic literature search. Results from the academic literature search are listed in the form of relevant publications. (DOCX 14 kb