ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ СХЕМ АРТ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХ НИЗКИЕ ДОЗЫ ФОСФАЗИДА

In 20 patients, treated with regime of ART including phosphazid at a dose of 800 mg/day, his daily dose was reduced to 400 mg. In 19 of 20 patients the phosphazod’ dose reduction was due to the development of adverse events related to therapy. After changing the phosphazid’ daily dose the patients seen during the 1 year. Lowering the phosphazid’ dose did not lead to virological failure of the regime of ART and/ or progression of HIV-infection. On the background of lower doses in almost all patients observed a significant improvement in health- the reduction of weakness, disappearance of nausea and headaches. The analysis of laboratory data through 48 weeks after the change daily dose of the phosphazid also showed improvement in these indicators.У 20 пациентов, получавших в составе схемы АРТ фосфазид в дозе 800 мг/сут, его суточная доза была снижена до 400 мг. У 19 из 20 пациентов снижение дозы было обусловлено развитием нежелательных явлений, связанных с терапией. После изменения суточной дозы фосфазида пациентов наблюдали в течение года. Снижение дозы фосфазида не привело к вирусологической неэффективности схемы АРТ и/или прогрессированию ВИЧ-инфекции. На фоне снижения дозы почти у всех пациентов наблюдали значительное улучшение самочувствия – уменьшение слабости, исчезновение тошноты и головной боли. Анализ лабораторных данных через 48 недель после изменения суточной дозы препарата также показал улучшение этих показателей

Получение и свойства гидрогелевых наночастиц пектината кальция с транс-коричной кислотой

Hydrogel negatively charged (–13.5 ± 5.0 mV) calcium pectinate nano- and submicroparticles (50–150 nm) were obtained. A technique for entrapment of a plant growth regulator (trans-cinnamic acid) in the particles up to 40 wt. % has been developed. It has been established that the complete release of trans-cinnamic acid in the Murashige–Skoog medium takes 2.5 hours. The obtained particles of calcium pectinate do not affect the growth processes of cells in suspension culture and can be used as neutral carriers for growth regulators.Получены отрицательно заряженные (–13,5 ± 5,0 мВ) гидрогелевые нано- и субмикрочастицы (50–150 нм) пектината кальция. Разработана методика, позволяющая включать в них до 40 мас. % регулятора роста растений – транс-коричную кислоту (ТКК). Установлено, что полное высвобождение ТКК в среде культивирования клеток (Мурасиге–Скуга) протекает за 2,5 ч. Полученные частицы пектината кальция не влияют на ростовые процессы клеток суспензионной культуры и могут быть использованы в качестве нейтральных носителей регуляторов роста

THE EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION

The guidelines for treatment of patients with HIV infection developed in the United States (DHHS) and the European Union (EACS) are the most globally recognised. They are used in the development of many national guidelines, including those in Russia. The guidelines of the European Union and the United States are specific in that they are characterized by high scientific validity and target countries with high income per capita. In the process of the guidelines evolution, they tended to update the recommended drugs with more efficient, safe and easy to use medications; they expanded the list of indications for antiretroviral therapy to the extent that it was recommended to all HIV patients regardless of clinical manifestations and the level of CD4 cells. The article also analyzes the changes that the guidelines underwent over the past 6 years. There are recent versions of the guidelines

Разработка прецедентных баз знаний с использованием MDE-подхода

The paper discusses application of a modeldriven development approach for engineering knowledge bases of case-based reasoning decision support systems. The conceptual models presented in XML-like formats are used as the initial data. The problem statement, main stages of the proposed approach and a tool are presented. An illustrative example describes an educational task

Sunshine as culprit: It induces early spring physiological drought in dark coniferous (Pinus sibirica and Abies sibirica) alpine forest

Trees comprising high mountain forests have different requirements for site conditions (such as the water supply), thus current climate warming leads to varying reactions of upper forest boundaries depending on the site conditions and ecophysiological features of species. Positive reactions to an increasing heat supply during vegetative season may be hindered for drought-sensitive species by a water deficit in a cold environment, particularly during late winter or early spring. We investigated the radial growth of dark coniferous forest species Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) and Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) growing on slopes of different orientation (south-west, east, and north) near the upper forest boundary in an area undergoing fast climate warming: the Western Sayan Mountains (South Siberia, Russia), near a massive water reservoir. Correlations of tree-ring width chronologies with moving 21-day temperature series were used to more precisely determine the timing of temperature influence; an analysis of extreme and optimal years and multifactor regression modeling were applied to assess the most favorable/unfavorable thermal conditions in the study area and to estimate the tree growth reaction to the current climatic trends, respectively. Despite relatively low variation in growth (standard deviation <0.2), a significant common climatic signal in tree-ring width was found at all sampling sites. On the shaded northern slopes, P. sibirica is only mildly limited by summer temperatures and has a low similarity (correlations and synchronicity of extreme/optimal years) with other sites. Conversely, the growth of A. sibirica and P. sibirica on two sunlit slopes is similar (r = 0.44–0.81) and has a common pattern of regulation by temperatures before (r = −0.17…−80.40; April 3 – May 4 on average) and more significantly during vegetative season (r = 0.31…0.44; May 17 – August 27 on average). We hypothesize that both species, being drought-sensitive, undergo water stress in the early spring, and exposition of previous years’ needles to severe temperature variation may lead to partial defoliation and xylem embolism, thus suppressing growth. The patterns of climatic response and species distribution on slopes indicate that A. sibirica is more sensitive to this physiological drought and needs gentler slopes than P. sibirica. Temperature increase in the study area during the last decades have occured about five times faster in the early spring (being enhanced by the reservoir) than in summer. This combination of spring and summer warming leads to an increase in P. sibirica radial growth on the northern slope and the stable growth of both species on sunlit slopes, i.e. providing a tentatively optimistic assessment of the dark coniferous forests’ near future in the region

SELECTION OF AN ANTIRETROVIRAL REGIMEN BASED ON THE RESISTANCE DATA

As part of the global strategy against HIV, UNAIDS formulated the 90-90--90 targets. The targets mean that 90% of people living with HIV and receiving treatment should have achieved viral suppression. One of the main obstacles to achieving the goal is HIV resistance to antiretroviral therapy. It occurs when the virus mutates and affinity of active ingredients of drugs for the corresponding viral proteins is reduced. Drugs differ by the genetic barrier. Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors lose their ability to inhibit the replication after a single mutation, and ritonavir- boosted protease inhibitors - after 5--8th mutation. The key factor for adequate viral suppression and reduction of risks is good adherence to treatment. Medication non-adherence creates a favorable environment in the body for the evolution of the virus. In the Russian Federation, the prevalence of primary resistance reaches 6.02%, and poor adherence equals 26%. The data and the results of examinations for mutations should be considered when selecting an antiretroviral regimen and approach to patient to improve adherence

О специализации модельно-управляемого подхода для создания интеллектуальных систем поддержки принятия решений прецедентного типа

The paper describes the specialization (modification) of the model-driven approach in the context of the devel- opment of case-based intelligent decision support systems. The specialization includes: the redefinition of the basic steps of the process of the software creation (their structure and content) and the models used. It is proposed to use: ontology as the computation-independent model (CIM), which will provide a complete and consistent description of the concepts and relations of the subject domain and their visual representation in the form of a graph; XML-like specification as a platform-specific model (PSM), which takes into account features of the description of cases.Рассмотрена специализация (конкретизация) модельно-управляемого подхода в контексте создания интеллектуальных систем поддержки принятия решений прецедентного типа. В частности: уточнены основные этапы процесса построения программных систем (их состав и содержание) и используемые модели. В рамках специализации предложено использовать: онтологии в качестве вычислительно- независимой модели (CIM) и XML-подобную спецификацию в качестве платформо-зависимой модели (PSM). Использование онтологии обеспечивает полное и согласованное описание понятий и отношений предметной области и их визуальное представление в виде графа; а предложенная спецификация учитывает особенности описания прецедентов

An approach for design of knowledge bases on the basis of computer-aided transformation of conceptual models

Рассмотрена концепция подхода к созданию программных компонентов, обеспечивающих автоматизированную разработку баз знаний (OWL и CLIPS) на основе трансформации концептуальных моделей, представленных в формате XML. Предлагается архитектура сервис-ориентированной программной системы (и ее основных элементов), реализующая данный подход. Описана модель типового программного компонента, включая модель трансляции, на основе которой создаются (специализируются) компоненты. Описан метод (алгоритм) трансформации концептуальных моделей в программный код баз знаний с возможностью уточнения (моделирования) продукций в нотации RVML. The paper describes the concept of the approach for creation of software components designed for development of knowledge bases (OWL and CLIPS) on the basis of the transformation of conceptual models represented in XML. The architecture of the service- oriented software implementing this approach is proposed. The model of a typal software component (including a translation model) and the algorithm for transformation of conceptual models to the program codes with the opportunity to clarify of logical rules in the RVML notation are described