Sozialpädagogen zwischen Professionalisierung und Arbeitsmarkt

Der Aufsatz analysiert den Zusammenhang von Arbeitsqualifikation in der Praxis und sozialpädagogischer Ausbildung im Rückblick. Er beruht auf einer Befragung von 310 Absolventen der Sozialpädagogik der FHS Esslingen und Reutlingen und der Universität Tübingen, die seit zwei bis sechs Jahren im Beruf stehen, sowie von Anstellungsträgern in Baden-Württemberg. Die FHS-Absolventen hatten zu 60 v. H. vor dem Studium eine Berufsausbildung abgeschlossen, die Universitätsabsolventen zu 20 v. H. Rund drei Viertel der Befragten hatten spätestens sechs Monate nach dem Examen ein Beschäftigungsverhältnis angetreten, weitere 12 v. H. erst später. Ca. ein Zehntel geben an, zwischen Examen und erster Stelle arbeitslos gewesen zu sein. Über 40 v. H. sind zum Befragungszeitpunkt noch in ihrer ersten Stelle. Auf "Akademiker-Gehaltsniveau" bezahlt werden 22 v. H. der Absolventen, von diesen sind 91 v. H. Diplom-Pädagogen. Es wird aber nur jeder dritte Diplom-Pädagoge besser als BAT IVa bezahlt. Beruflicher Aufstieg ist, auch bei Stellenwechsel und Aufbaustudium, selten. Die rückwärtige Beurteilung der Ausbildung ergibt vor allem den Wunsch nach mehr Praxis. Illusionen im Studium bezogen sich vor allem auf die Veränderbarkeit sozialer Probleme und die eigenen beruflichen Handlungsspielräume. Die Anstellungsträger sehen keine prinzipiellen Unterschiede zwischen Diplom-Pädagogen und FHS-Absolventen. Dies entspricht den Ergebnissen der Absolventenbefragung. (MH

Global analysis of SNPs in human miRNA genes.

<p>The proportions of pre-miRNAs, mature miRNAs and seed regions with and without SNPs are shown in part A to C, respectively. Part D shows the distributions of SNP densities in pre-miRNAs, mature miRNAs and seed regions. One tailed Mann-Whitney test of two samples was used to compare the medians of SNP densities among pre-miRNAs, mature miRNAs and seed regions. Only the pre-miRNAs with at least one SNP were used to calculate values in part D and E. Part E shows the distribution of SNP densities of all the pre-miRNAs and the SNP density of the human genome. Part F shows the distribution of the number of SNPs for all the pre-miRNAs. Part G shows the number of SNPs found in pre-miRNAs, mature miRNAs and seed regions in the current study and the other 6 studies <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078028#pone.0078028-Bhartiya1" target="_blank">[18]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078028#pone.0078028-Saunders1" target="_blank">[20]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078028#pone.0078028-Iwai1" target="_blank">[21]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078028#pone.0078028-Gong1" target="_blank">[22]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078028#pone.0078028-Lu1" target="_blank">[23]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078028#pone.0078028-Zorc1" target="_blank">[24]</a>. In part D and E, *, ** and *** means -values smaller than 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.</p

Summary of the number of SNPs with significantly different frequencies between two populations based on the 1000 Genome Project.

<p>The number in a cell means the number of SNPs with significantly different frequencies (with multiple test corrected -values , see Materials and Methods for details) between the two populations of the row and column. There are 4 populations in the 1000 Genome Project data. ASN includes the CHB, CHS and JPT; AMR includes CLM, MXL (the same as MEX in the HapMap data) and PUR; AFR includes ASW and LWK; and EUR includes CEU, FIN, GBR, IBS and TSI, respectively. Among these populations, the ASW, CEU, CHB, JPT, LWK, MEX, TSI and YRI represent the same populations in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078028#pone-0078028-g006" target="_blank">Figure 6</a>. Beside these, CHS, CLM, FIN, GBR, IBS, and PUR stand for Han Chinese South; Colombian in Medellin, Colombia; Finnish from Finland; British from England and Scotland; Iberian populations in Spain; and Puerto Rican in Puerto Rico, respectively.</p

Genome locations of fragile sites and miRNA genes with at least 2 SNPs in them.

<p>The karyotype shows the position of 116 fragile sites and 142 miRNAs with at least 2 SNPs in these common fragile sites. The figure is prepared with Idiographica <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078028#pone.0078028-Kin1" target="_blank">[65]</a>.</p

The SNP densities of different regions of miRNAs and different categories of miRNAs.

<p>Part A shows the distribution of the number of species in which each miRNA family appears. Part B shows the proportions of human miRNAs classified as highly conserved, lowly conserved and non-conserved miRNA families, respectively. Part C shows the comparing of SNP densities of human miRNAs among highly conserved, lowly conserved and non-conserved miRNA families in the pre-miRNAs, mature miRNAs and seed regions, respectively. Part D shows the proportion of clustered miRNAs. Part E shows the distribution of the numbers of clustered miRNAs in each miRNA cluster. Part F shows the comparisons of SNP densities between clustered miNRAs and individual miRNAs, and also between clustered miRNAs and the flanking regions of clustered miRNAs. Two sample one tailed -test was used to compare the difference of SNP densities above. In part C, F, *, ** and *** means -values smaller than 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively, and error bars indicate the standard errors of the means (SEM).</p

Summary of the number of 12 types of substitutions for SNPs in pre-miRNAs, mature miRNAs and seed regions, respectively.

<p>Each cell means the number of substitutions of that row in the regions of that column.</p

Analysis of SNPs in miRNAs associated with diseases and QTLs.

<p>Part A shows the proportion of disease miRNAs in all the miRNAs. Part B shows the comparisons of SNP densities in disease miRNAs and no-disease miRNAs with two sample one tailed test. In part B, *, ** and *** means -values smaller than 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively. Error bar indicate the SEM. Part C shows the distribution of the numbers of associated diseases for miRNAs in HMDD. Part D shows the number of SNPs and the number of associated diseases of the miRNAs. MiRNAs are grouped into different groups according to the number of SNPs in them and the average numbers of associated disease for all groups were calculated, shown as green triangles. The green triangles are connected with yellow lines. Part E shows the number of SNPs in the miRNAs and the number of QTLs which the miRNAs are overlapped with. MiRNAs are grouped into different groups according to the number of SNPs in them and the average number of QTLs for each group was calculated, shown as green triangles. The green triangles are connected with yellow line.</p

The effects of SNPs on the minimal free energies of secondary structures of pre-miRNAs.

<p>Part A shows the distribution of the for all the SNPs to the secondary structure of pre-miRNAs. The SNPs here are only substitutions. In part A, the four black circles represent the values of four pre-miRNAs with SNPs, i.e., hsa-miR-125a-rs12975333, hsa-miR-196a-2-rs11614913, hsa-miR-146a-rs2910164 and hsa-miR-182-rs76481776 from left to right, respectively. The green and red arrows after the names of miRNAs stand for the up- and down regulations of mature miRNAs in the mutated alleles. There are 1722 substitutions out of 1899 unique SNPs in all 1527 pre-miRNAs. Part B to E show the secondary structure of the four ancestral (upper sections) and mutated pre-miRNAs with SNPs (lower sections) emphasized with circles in part A, respectively. The secondary structures were predicted by Mfold <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078028#pone.0078028-Zuker1" target="_blank">[66]</a>. The regions marked by blue color mean mature miRNAs and the regions marked by green color mean miR*. The bases marked by red color mean SNPs in the pre-miRNAs.</p

The heat map of the numbers of SNPs in miRNAs with significantly different frequencies between different populations in the HapMap data.

<p>The number in a cell means the number of SNPs with significantly different frequencies (with multiple test corrected -values of smaller than 0.01, see Materials and Methods for details) between the two populations of the row and column. There are 11 populations in the HapMap data. ASW, CEU, CHB, CHD, GIH, JPT, LWK, MEX, MKK, TSI, and YRI stand for African ancestry in Southwest USA; Utah residents (CEPH) with Northern and Western European ancestry; Han Chinese in Beijing, China; Chinese in Metropolitan Denver, Colorado; Gujarati Indians in Houston, Texas; Japanese in Tokyo, Japan; Luhya in Webuye, Kenya; Mexican ancestry in Los Angeles, California; Maasai in Kinyawa, Kenya; Toscani in Italia; and Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria, respectively. Among the 11 populations, ASW, LWK, MKK and YRI belong to Africa, marked by blue color; CHB, CHD and JPT belong to Asian, marked by yellow color; CEU and TSI belong to European, marked by green color and GIH and MEX belong to America, marked by red color. The dendrogram was generated with the hierarchical clustering implemented in Matlab.</p

Some identified PHAS loci of Chinese sacred lotus.

<p>The Start and End column list the start and end positions of the predicted PHAS loci in the scaffold. The TR and PR column list the total number of unique siRNAs and the number of phased unique siRNAs, respectively. The <i>P</i>-value and FDR column list the <i>P</i>-values evaluated with <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113790#pone.0113790.e001" target="_blank">Equation 1</a> and the false discovery ratio using method in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113790#pone.0113790-Benjamini1" target="_blank">[35]</a>. The P.S. column lists the phase scores calculated using <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113790#pone.0113790.e007" target="_blank">Equation 2</a>. The Ref. column lists related literature of the predicted PHAS loci.</p><p>Some identified PHAS loci of Chinese sacred lotus.</p