Transcriptomics and Identification of the Chemoreceptor Superfamily of the Pupal Parasitoid of the Oriental Fruit Fly, <i>Spalangia endius</i> Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

<div><p>Background</p><p>The oriental fruit fly, <i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> Hendel, causes serious losses to fruit production and is one of the most economically important pests in many countries, including China, <i>Spalangia endius</i> Walker is a pupal parasitoid of various dipteran hosts, and may be considered a potentially important ectoparasitic pupal parasitoid of <i>B. dorsalis</i>. However, lack of genetic information on this organism is an obstacle to understanding the mechanisms behind its interaction with this host. Analysis of the <i>S. endius</i> transcriptome is essential to extend the resources of genetic information on this species and, to support studies on <i>S. endius</i> on the host <i>B. dorsalis</i>.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>We performed <i>de novo</i> assembly RNA-seq of <i>S. endius</i>. We obtained nearly 10 Gbp of data using a HiSeq platform, and 36319 high-quality transcripts using Trinity software. A total of 22443 (61.79%) unigenes were aligned to homologous sequences in the jewel wasp and honeybee (<i>Apis florae</i>) protein set from public databases. A total of 10037 protein domains were identified in 7892 <i>S. endius</i> transcripts using HMMER3 software. We identified expression of six gustatory receptor and 21 odorant receptor genes in the sample, with only one gene having a high expression level in each family. The other genes had a low expression level, including two genes regulated by splicing. This result may be due to the wasps being kept under laboratory conditions. Additionally, a total of 3727 SSR markers were predicted, which could facilitate the identification of polymorphisms and functional genes within wasp populations.</p><p>Conclusion/Significance</p><p>This transcriptome greatly improves our genetic understanding of <i>S. endius</i> and provides a large number of gene sequences for further study.</p></div

Summary of annotations of <i>S. endius</i> transcripts.

<p>Summary of annotations of <i>S. endius</i> transcripts.</p

Image1_Identification of ubiquitination-related gene classification and a novel ubiquitination-related gene signature for patients with triple-negative breast cancer.TIF

Background: Ubiquitination-related genes (URGs) are important biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. However, URG prognostic prediction models have not been established in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) before. Our study aimed to explore the roles of URGs in TNBC.Methods: The Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were used to identify URG expression patterns in TNBC. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) analysis was used to cluster TNBC patients. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis was used to construct the multi-URG signature in the training set (METABRIC). Next, we evaluated and validated the signature in the test set (GSE58812). Finally, we evaluated the immune-related characteristics to explore the mechanism.Results: We identified four clusters with significantly different immune signatures in TNBC based on URGs. Then, we developed an 11-URG signature with good performance for patients with TNBC. According to the 11-URG signature, TNBC patients can be classified into a high-risk group and a low-risk group with significantly different overall survival. The predictive ability of this 11-URG signature was favorable in the test set. Moreover, we constructed a nomogram comprising the risk score and clinicopathological characteristics with favorable predictive ability. All of the immune cells and immune-related pathways were higher in the low-risk group than in the high-risk group.Conclusion: Our study indicated URGs might interact with the immune phenotype to influence the development of TNBC, which contributes to a further understanding of molecular mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutic targets for TNBC.</p

Phylogenetic tree of the odorant receptor (Or) family in <i>S. endius</i>, <i>N. vitripennis</i> and <i>A. mellifera</i>.

<p>AmGrs are marked in orange, NvGrs are in blue and PvGrs are red.</p

Size distribution of the transcripts and CDSs.

<p>The blue and red bars indicate unigenes and CDS, respectively.</p

Summary of sequencing and assembly for <i>S. endius.</i>

<p>Summary of sequencing and assembly for <i>S. endius.</i></p

Summary of gene family classification among four species, <i>S. endius</i>, <i>N. vitripennis</i>, <i>A. florea</i> and <i>D. melanogaster</i>.

<p>Summary of gene family classification among four species, <i>S. endius</i>, <i>N. vitripennis</i>, <i>A. florea</i> and <i>D. melanogaster</i>.</p

Summary of top 15 domains predicted in <i>S. endius</i> transcripts.

<p>Summary of top 15 domains predicted in <i>S. endius</i> transcripts.</p

Description of <i>Pinus hwangshanensis</i> plots at different altitudes (mean ± <i>SE</i>).

<p>Description of <i>Pinus hwangshanensis</i> plots at different altitudes (mean ± <i>SE</i>).</p

Water–Oil Interfacial Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Colloidal Lead-Iodide Perovskites with Enhanced Efficiency and Stability

Two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites L2PbI4 (L = alkylammonium cation) (RPPs) have attracted significant attention due to their unique excitonic characteristics. However, their ultrafast reaction dynamics exacerbates the structural distortion of the inorganic framework, leading to severe deterioration in photoluminescence. Here, we propose a water–oil interfacial synthesis approach to achieve controlled growth of the RPPs nanosheets. By segregating Pb and I precursors in two immiscible solvents, the nucleation and growth of RPPs are prolonged to the minute level. L2PbI4 nanosheets terminated with various alkylammonium are synthesized, and the factors influencing the growth kinetics of RPPs nanosheets are investigated. The resulting (PEA)2PbI4 nanosheets exhibit a 3.6-time enhancement in quantum efficiency and 3.2-time improvement photostability compared to those synthesized using the classical recrystallization method. A white light-emitting diode based on (HDA)2PbI4 nanosheets is fabricated, achieving a color gamut of 119.7% of the NTSC display standards. This innovative approach offers a new method for the controlled growth of 2D RPPs with improved optical quality and stability