Chronic Hepatitis B, C, And Stroke; Association and Pathophysiology

Background and Objectives: Hepatitis infection may raise the incidence of stroke and other cerebrovascular abnormalities, according to several studies. However, its association is controversial. This review looked to compile the most recent research on the relationship between HBV and HCV, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Methods:This article reviews the literature on the connection between hepatitis B and C viruses with stroke and atherosclerosis. The search included articles from PubMed, PakMediNet, and Google Scholar, as well as a Medline search using specific keywords and MeSH terms. A total of 2655 articles were identified. Out of these 2655 articles we identified 134 articles in English for review. These 134 articles comprised of original studies, individual case studies, and retrospective cohorts. The review included original research, individual case reports, and retrospective cohorts published after 1990. Studies addressing co-infection with HIV were excluded. Results:After the screening, many articles were selected which included several topics of discussion under the said heading. The studies were closely examined to gather pertinent information relevant to the review\u27s objectives. Most of the literature emphasized the link between chronic hepatitis and the risk of stroke. Conclusion: Although current evidence does tilt the scale in favor of hepatitis-causing cerebrovascular disease, this review study has some limitations, such as the lack of prospective cohorts and limited evidence for the natural history of hepatitis patients in relation to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases

Effective Caloric Value of Nutritional and Non-nutritional Components of Broiler Nutrition

Experiments were conducted with broilers (Cobb 500) to: (1)evaluate the effects of lighting programs on broiler feed consumption, body weight gain, body composition, heat production, calorie need per gram of gain and energy cost of lean and lipid accretion as well as the coefficient to convert live body mass to metabolic body size; and (2)determine maintenance energy requirement and efficiency of gain of broilers during the grower phase. The lower energy need per unit gain for the 12L:12D lighting program reflects increased energetic efficiency. The impact of lighting was especially pronounced during the grower-finisher phases. The 12L:12D program was superior to the 1L:1D or 23L:1D program for ECV and performance as evidenced by better weight gain, FCR, less HP, higher ECV and higher energy retention while COsub#2 /sub# release was the least. Energy supplementation irrespective of source improved performance and gain composition. Maintenance energy need was unaffected by sex but efficiency of gain show improvement in males over the females.Department of Animal Scienc

Predictors of the Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volume in Hypertensive Patients

Background: Hemorrhage volume is an important predictor of outcome in Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). It is not clear why in some Patients ICH volume is larger than in others. Identification of modifiable factors responsible for large-volume hemorrhage in hypertensive Patients may help to reduce ICH-related morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify predictors of large-volume ICH in hypertensive Patients. Methods:At a tertiary care center in Karachi (Pakistan), 157 hypertensive Patients with ICH were prospectively analyzed in 2008-2009, and hemorrhage volumes were determined using CT or MRI and various factors, including duration of hypertension, medical treatment, compliance, co-morbidity, and hematologic and coagulation profiles. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of high-volume hemorrhage. A volume \u3e30 mm(3) was defined as high-volume hemorrhage. Results: Of 157 Patients with hypertensive ICH evaluated, 133 Patients were included in the study, and 24 Patients with brain stem, cerebellum and pure intraventricular hemorrhage were excluded. The mean age of the study Patients was 55 years, 56 Patients (70%) were male. High-volume hemorrhage (\u3e30 mm(3)) was noted in 47 (35%) Patients. Mortality was significantly increased in Patients with high-volume ICH (32 vs. 6% in Patients with low-volume ICH). In univariate analysis, factors significantly associated with large-volume ICH were male gender (p = 0.002), hypertension lasting \u3e10 years (p = 0.03), warfarin treatment (p = 0.05), use of \u3e1 anti-hypertensive agent (p = 0.001) and poor compliance with medication (p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, use of \u3e1 anti-hypertensive agent and poor compliance were also predictors of large-volume ICH. Conclusion: High-volume hemorrhage was less common (28%) in our Patients with hypertension and ICH. Use of \u3e1 anti-hypertensive agent and poor compliance were predictors of large-volume ICH

Buckling Analysis of Stiffened and Unstiffened Laminated Composite Plates

The present study focused mainly on the analysis of stiffened and unstiffened composite laminated plates subjected to buckling load. Analytical, numerical and experimental analysis for different cases has been considered. The experimental investigation is to manufacture the laminates and to find mechanical properties of glass-polyester such as longitudinal, transverse young modulus, shear modulus. The compressive test was carried to find the critical buckling load of plate. The design parameters of the laminates such as aspect ratio, thickness ratio, boundary conditions and number of stiffeners were investigated using high order shear deformation theory (HOST) and Finite element coded by ANSYS .The main conclusion was the buckling load could increase and decrease depending on the boundary conditions, thickness ratio, and, the aspect ratio and number of stiffeners of the plate

Knowledge and attitudes about tetanus and rabies: a population-based survey from Karachi, Pakistan

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate public knowledge regarding predisposing factors, fatality and prevention of Tetanus and Rabies and attitudes toward vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in all the 18 towns of Karachi, the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan, from December 2007 to January 2008. Men and women of more than 18 years of age were included in the study which used a self-reporting questionarre as its tool. RESULTS: There were 1201 people interviewed by the study. The majority of respondents had known or heard about Tetanus (n = 973; 81%) and rabies (n = 699; 58%). There were 29 (2.5%) reported dog bites on the subjects themselves and 218(18%) respondents reported dog bites among their family members during the preceeding one year. Only three (11%) of these dog bite victims received some kind of vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis. The majority of the participants were not aware of the fatality of these diseases and the importance of vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis. Of the total respondents, 563 (47%) reported an injury or wound during the preceeding one year. Of them, 426 (76%) received a Tetanus injection. Out of the total study population, 1019 (85%) respondents did not know that Tetanus could be a fatal disease, and 844 (70%) did not know that Tetanus could affect and kill newborns. Literate people and males were more likely to have adequate knowledge on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Minor injuries and dog bites are a common occurrence in Karachi. Only a small proportion of these patients received post-exposure treatment. Most of the participants were not aware of the fatality of these diseases and the importance and affordability of vaccination in case of dog bites and minor trauma

VERIFICATION OF LAMINATE COMPOSITEPLATE SIMULATION UNDER COMBINED LOADINGS THERMALSTRESSES

 This study deals with thermal cyclic loading phenomena of plates which were fabricated from   composite materials (woven roving fiber glass + polyester) were exposed to (75 C°) temperature   gradient thermal shock for ten times in different stage of conditioning times due to the effect of thermal   fatigue using the method of Levy solution and compared these results with both results from   experimental published work and (ANSYS Ver. 9) program. A composite laminate plate with fiber   volume fraction (υf =25.076%) is selected in this study and applying the combined loadings like   bending moment (Mo), and in-plane force (Nxx) beside the effect of thermal fatigue. It involves multi   theoretical and finite element fields; but the theoretical one contains the derived equation of stresses   distribution and evaluating the normal deflection of a middle point for dynamic analysis applying   different boundary conditions for heating and cooling. The main present numerical results for a   composite plate with (80%) fiber volume fraction claim that the relative reduction in normal deflection   and dynamic load factor are (78.593%) and (9.421%) during cooling to (-15 respectively.

Interactive effects of vanadium and phosphorus on their uptake, growth and heat shock proteins in chickpea genotypes under hydroponic conditions

The present study was carried out to examine the interaction of vanadium and phosphorus and changes in heat shock genes to optimize the growth of chickpea genotypes. Two sets of hydroponic experiments were carried out using vanadium and phosphorus with five-level central composite design. Five levels of vanadium (0-1180 mu M) and phosphorus (0-100011 mu M) were used to evaluate their interactive effects. Plants fresh biomass and uptake of vanadium and phosphorus were influenced by vanadium and phosphorus application. Enhanced fresh biomass was most likely a result of increased phosphorus uptake by chickpea genotypes. Addition of vanadium induced toxic effects while, higher concentration of phosphorus alleviated its toxic effects. The obtained results also indicated that lower vanadium concentration promoted phosphorus absorption however; higher concentration of vanadium inhibited the phosphorus uptake. The morphological changes in leaves indicated that the cells were deformed and reduced in size when treated with higher vanadium levels with fixed phosphorus while, there was little deformation and reduction in cells size were observed when plants were treated with higher levels of phosphorus with fixed vanadium. Whereas, the proportion of deformation of cells were higher in Balkasar as compared to C-44 genotype. The results also showed that at elevated vanadium with fixed phosphorus, Hsp70 was expressed only in C-44 while, not in Balkasar however, Hsp90 and GAPDH showed non-significant results. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Total parotidectomy under local anesthesia: A novel technique

Parotidectomy is a common procedure usually done for a parotid mass necessitating a histological diagnosis. Operation is normally performed under General anesthesia with a nerve stimulator to facilitate facial nerve stimulation. We describe a new technique with reports of three cases, making total parotidectomy under local anesthesia possible. The ascending cervical branch of cervical plexus and the auriculotemporal nerve were anesthetized by bupivacaine 0.25% (2mg/kg) and lignocaine with adrenaline 7 mg/kg. Effective onset of anesthesia was within 15-25 minutes and the operations lasted between 2-3 hours without any complications. This offers advantage in high-risk patients where general anesthesia is contraindicated. The facial nerve can be easily identified with on command movements by the patient rendering the use of nerve stimulator or injection of the dye superfluous. This technique makes total parotidectomy an outpatient procedure and facilitates an early discharge