Coherent control for the spherical symmetric box potential in short and intensive XUV laser fields

Coherent control calculations are presented for a spherically symmetric box potential for non-resonant two photon transition probabilities. With the help of a genetic algorithm (GA) the population of the excited states are maximized and minimized. The external driving field is a superposition of three intensive extreme ultraviolet (XUV) linearly polarized laser pulses with different frequencies in the femtosecond duration range. We solved the quantum mechanical problem within the dipole approximation. Our investigation clearly shows that the dynamics of the electron current has a strong correlation with the optimized and neutralizing pulse shape.Comment: 11 Pages 3 Figure

Evaluation of trapped magnetic field properties in superconducting MgB2 bulk magnets by finite element method

The trapped magnetic field properties in superconducting MgB2 bulk magnets with various kinds of shape such as a disk, a ring and a pair of disks were calculated by the finite element method (FEM). For simplicity, field cool magnetization was replaced by a simple magnetization process at constant temperature to obtain equivalent distribution of magnetic field, and the thermal equation in FEM was omitted. It was confirmed that the result of FEM agreed well with the result by analytical method in infinite long cylinder. We compared the trapped magnetic field property between FEM result and experimental result in reference in order to research the simple evaluation method of the trapped magnetic field of MgB2 bulk magnet. It was found that the result of FEM agreed with the experimental result and it can explain the distribution of trapped magnetic field of superconducting MgB2 bulk magnet. From these results, it was found that it was possible to be calculated in various kinds of shape with using simple evaluation by FEM. Therefore, the optimization of the maximum trapped magnetic field in superconducting MgB2 bulk magnet can be discussed.Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS 2014) November 25-27, 2014, Tokyo, Japa

AC loss of ripple current in superconducting DC power transmission cable

As a method of largely reducing the transmission loss in the electric power grid, superconducting direct current (DC) power transmission cable has been investigated. Using superconducting DC power transmission cables, large amounts of current and energy can be transferred compared to conventional copper cables. In this case, an alternating current (AC) is converted to DC and superposed AC which is known as ripple current, and the energy loss by the ripple current is generated. Therefore it is desired to estimate the energy loss density for the case of DC current and superposed AC current for a design of DC transmission cable system. In this study, the hysteresis loss for DC current of 2 kA rectified from 60 Hz alternating current is calculated using the Bean model, and coupling loss was also estimated. The diameter of the cable was 40 mm. The ripple currents generated by multi-pulse rectifiers, 6-pulse, 12-pulse, and 24-pulse were considered. It is found that the total AC loss including the hysteresis loss and the coupling loss is considerably smaller than the supposed heat loss of 0.5 W/m which is obtained with a newly developed cable.26th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS 2013), November 18-20, 2013, Tokyo, Japa

Purpose, use, and preparation of clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

Apart from periampullary carcinoma, the prognosis of biliary tract carcinomas, including hilar cholangiocarcinoma, extrahepatic biliary tract carcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma, remains poor. Sophisticated diagnostic skills and treatment methods and their application are naturally required to achieve better treatment results for biliary tract carcinomas. However, it is not too much to say that, due to the paucity of high-level evidence for the management of these carcinomas, medical care by healthcare providers in clinics and at medical institutes throughout the world is currently delivered without common consensus and common standards. The clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary carcinoma outlined here were produced with the aim that they could be used by physicians involved in the care of biliary tract carcinomas, as indicators that could help them provide their patients with the most appropriate care possible at this time. Also, the guidelines were prepared to provide measures that could assure patients with biliary tract carcinomas of safe medical care. The present guidelines are characterized by their clarification of clinical questions assumed to be often shared by healthcare professionals. For clarity, we divided the contents of the guidelines into eight areas. In each area, clinical questions are presented, together with recommendations of clinical actions in response to the question. As mentioned already, there is a paucity of high-level evidence in this area; therefore, the recommendations are classified into grades, of which there are five: A, strongly recommend performing the clinical action; B, recommend performing the clinical action; C1, the clinical action may be useful, although there is a lack of high-level scientific evidence; C2, clinical action not definitively recommended ecause of insufficient scientific evidence; D, recommend not performing the clinical action. The grading of the recommendations is based on the determination of the level of evidence in references on which the recommendation is based

FGF10/FGFR2 signal induces cell migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest mortalities among all malignancies and there is an urgent need for new therapy. This might be achieved by resolving the detailed biological mechanism, and in this study we examined how pancreatic cancer cells develop aggressive properties by focusing on signalling through the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)10 and FGF receptor (FGFR)2, which play important roles in pancreatic organogenesis. Immunostaining of pancreatic cancer tissues showed that FGFR2 was expressed in cancer cells, whereas FGF10 was expressed in stromal cells surrounding the cancer cells. Patients with high FGFR2 expression in cancer cells had a shorter survival time compared to those with low FGFR2 expression. Fibroblast growth factor 10 induced cell migration and invasion of CFPAC-1 and AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells through interaction with FGFR2-IIIb, a specific isoform of FGFR2. Fibroblast growth factor 10 also induced expression of mRNA for membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and increased secretion of TGF-β1 protein from these cell lines. These data indicate that stromal FGF10 induces migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells through interaction with FGFR2, resulting in a poor prognosis. This suggests that FGF10/FGFR2 signalling is a promising target for new molecular therapy against pancreatic cancer

Understanding Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia

We recount East Asia's experience with foreign direct investment (FDI). We document that, contrary to the Rybczynski theorem, capital flows in the region cause the host country's labor-intensive industry to expand and its capital-intensive industry to decline. We also present narrative evidence that sheds light on how FDI is affected by the host's country's locational advantages, whether Asian FDI is footloose, and how the PRC has become the center of Factory Asia. Finally, we show that the evolution of production networks in the region can be explained partly by changes in the service cost of linking geographically separated production blocks relative to the cost saving arising from slicing up the value chain

Applying refinement to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a painful, chronic disorder and there is currently an unmet need for effective therapies that will benefit a wide range of patients. The research and development process for therapies and treatments currently involves in vivo studies, which have the potential to cause discomfort, pain or distress. This Working Group report focuses on identifying causes of suffering within commonly used mouse and rat ‘models’ of RA, describing practical refinements to help reduce suffering and improve welfare without compromising the scientific objectives. The report also discusses other, relevant topics including identifying and minimising sources of variation within in vivo RA studies, the potential to provide pain relief including analgesia, welfare assessment, humane endpoints, reporting standards and the potential to replace animals in RA research

Beneficial effect of Sparassis crispa on stroke through activation of Akt/eNOS pathway in brain of SHRSP

Sparassis crispa (S. crispa) is a mushroom used as a natural medicine that recently became cultivatable in Japan. In this study, we investigated not only the preventive effects of S. crispa against stroke and hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) but also the mechanism involved by using studies of the cerebral cortex at a young age. Six-week-old male SHRSP were divided into 2 groups, a control group and an S. crispa group administered 1.5% S. crispa in feed, and we then observed their survival. In addition, rats of the same age were treated with 1.5% S. crispa for 4 weeks and we measured body weight, blood pressure, blood flow from the tail, NOx production, and the levels of expression of several proteins in the cerebral cortex by western blot analysis. Our results showed that the S. crispa group had a delayed incidence of stroke and death and significantly decreased blood pressure and increased blood flow after the administration. Moreover, the quantity of urinary excretion and the nitrate/nitrite concentration in cerebral tissue were higher than those of control SHRSP rats. In the cerebral cortex, phosphor-eNOS (Ser1177) and phosphor-Akt (Ser473) in S. crispa-treated SHRSP were increased compared with those of control SHRSP rats. In conclusion, S. crispa could ameliorate cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction by promoting recovery of Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation and increasing NO production in the cerebral cortex. S. crispa may be useful for preventing stroke and hypertension

Phase-matched enhancements of high-harmonic soft X-rays by adaptive wave-front control with a genetic algorithm

We demonstrate the enhancement of high-harmonic soft-X-ray generation by adaptive wave-front control of a 745-nm Ti:sapphire laser by use of a 59-channel membrane deformable mirror, combined with a genetic algorithm, for the first time to our knowledge. The harmonics ranging from 17 nm to 28 nm were enhanced by factors up to 13. The numerical calculations illustrate that the enhancements of the plateau harmonics are due to macroscopic phase-matching effect, whereas those of the cutoff harmonics are due to the increase in focal intensity.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47046/1/340_2003_Article_1400.pd