Detection of carbonylated proteins of <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> seedlings. Carbonylated proteins were analyzed by 2D-PAGE.

<p>(A) Gels stained to detect proteins. (B) Anti-DNP immunoassays of gels to detect carbonylated proteins. Labeled proteins are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117475#pone.0117475.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Effects of drought stress on growth of <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> seedlings.

<p>(A) Leaf phenotypes of <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> following exposure to drought stress. Images were acquired at indicated times during the drought treatment (top); enlarged images (middle); photosynthetic capabilities recorded by Fv/Fm imaging using a PAM chlorophyll fluorometer (bottom). Pseudocolor code depicted at the bottom of the images ranges from 0 (red) to 1.0 (purple). (B) Effects of drought stress on photosynthetic Fv/Fm ratio, stomatal conductance, and MDA content of <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> seedlings. Relative water content (RWC) of soil and <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> seedlings were measured as described in “Materials and Methods”. Data are mean values ± SE obtained from three independent experiments (<i>n</i> = 15). Different letters within a column indicate significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05; one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test).</p

Changes in antioxidant enzyme activity in <i>E</i>. <i>crassipes</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>stratiotes</i> exposed to 100 mg/L Cd for different times.

<p>A: CAT activity. B: APX activity. C: GR activity. D: SOD activity. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. Different letters following mean values indicate significant differences (Tukey’s test, <i>P</i><0.05).</p

Changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content in <i>E</i>. <i>crassipes</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>stratiotes</i> exposed to 100 mg/L Cd for different times.

<p>A: MDA content change. B: Proline content change. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. Different letters following mean values indicate significant differences (Tukey’s test, <i>P</i><0.05).</p

Effects of drought on glycine betaine, soluble sugars, and ABA contents and RuBisCO activity in <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> seedlings.

<p>Effects of drought on glycine betaine, soluble sugars, and ABA contents and RuBisCO activity in <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> seedlings.</p

Effects of drought stress on antioxidant enzymes and H₂O₂ accumulation in <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> seedlings.

<p>(A, C) Effects of different RWCs on SOD and APX activities in <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> seedlings, as determined by a colorimetric method. (B, D) Effects of drought on SOD and APX activities as determined by activity staining. (E) H₂O₂ formation, as visualized by infiltrating H2DCF-DA into roots of <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> and observing fluorescence. (F) Average fluorescence intensity of H₂O₂. Data are mean values ± SE obtained from three independent experiments (<i>n</i> = 30). Different letters within a column indicate significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05; one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test.). Bar = 50 μm.</p

Identification and analysis of differentially expressed proteins in leaves of <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> treated by Cd stress for different times.

<p>^aAcc. No., database accession numbers according to NCBInr;</p><p>^bTheo. Mw/pI, theoretical Mw/pI;</p><p>^cExp. Mw/pI, experimental Mw/pI;</p><p>^dSC, sequence coverage;</p><p>^eRatio, different protein spot intensity ratios of samples after 2 d, 3 d and 5 d exposure relative to the control (0d).</p><p>Identification and analysis of differentially expressed proteins in leaves of <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> treated by Cd stress for different times.</p

Functional classification of the identified proteins.

<p>Functional classification of the identified proteins.</p

Changes in photosynthetic characteristics and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of <i>E</i>. <i>crassipes</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>stratiotes</i> exposed to 100 mg/L Cd for different times.

<p>A: Photosynthetic rate change. B: Stomatal conductance change. C: <i>In situ</i> detection of H₂O₂ and O₂^-. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. Different letters following mean values indicate significant differences (Tukey’s test, <i>P</i><0.05).</p

Western blotting analysis of proteins from <i>S</i>. <i>purpurea</i> seedlings.

<p>Total protein samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Membranes were probed with anti-HSP, anti-NCED2, and anti-dehydrin primary antisera. Actin served as the protein loading control.</p