Transport of carbon nanoparticles in porous media and its effect on the transport of concurrent contaminants

The extensive use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) inevitably results in their introduction into soil and groundwater, which poses a significant risk to the safety of these natural resources. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the transport behavior of CNPs in the subsurface environment and how it affects the transport of co-contaminants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, nano-plastics, engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review focuses on recent advancements in research on the transport behaviors of CNPs in porous media and its effect on the transport of co-contaminants, with respect to the mechanisms associated with CNPs transport and the mechanisms of action of CNPs on co-contaminant transport, as well as the factors that influence these processes. Results of the existing research indicate that aggregation, attachment, detachment, straining, blocking and ripening are the primary processes governing CNPs transport due to their unique physiochemistry. CNPs can either act as carriers, facilitating the transport of co-contaminants, or as competitors, hindering the deposition of co-contaminants. Additionally, they can serve as collectors for co-contaminant deposition or co-deposit with co-contaminants, inhibiting their transport. The interactions between CNPs, co-contaminants, and the medium determine the exact role played by CNPs in co-contaminant transport. The processes of CNPs transport and its effect on co-contaminant transport are affected by the physicochemical properties of CNPs and porous media, as well as the chemistry and hydrodynamics of groundwater. This review article is of great significance for risk assessment of CNPs in soil and groundwater.</p

Au(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamination of the Fluorinated <i>N′</i>-Aryl-<i>N</i>-Propargyl Amidines: Mild Conditions for the Synthesis of 2-Fluoroalkyl Imidazole Derivatives

The gold(I)-catalyzed synthesis of 2-fluoroalkyl imidazole derivatives was developed. Catalyzed by gold(I), propargyl amidines underwent a 5-<i>exo-dig</i> cyclization to afford 2-fluoroalkyl-5-methyl imidazoles. Also, 2-fluoroalkyl imidazole-5-carbaldehydes were obtained in the presence of NIS. A mechanism investigation manifested the probable process and the carbonyl oxygen derived from O₂

Table_1_Hyperchloremia Is Associated With Poorer Outcome in Critically Ill Stroke Patients.DOCX

<p>Background and Purpose: This study aims to explore the cause and predictive value of hyperchloremia in critically ill stroke patients.</p><p>Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of a prospectively collected database of adult patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) admitted to the neurointensive care unit (NICU) of a university-affiliated hospital, between January 2013 and December 2016. Patients were excluded if admitted beyond 72 h from onset, if they required neurocritical care for less than 72 h, and were treated with hypertonic saline within 72 h or had creatinine clearance less than 15 mL/min.</p><p>Results: Of 405 eligible patients, the prevalence of hyperchloremia ([Cl⁻] ≥ 110 mmol/L) was 8.6% at NICU admission ([Cl⁻]₀) and 17.0% within 72 h ([Cl⁻]_max). Thirty-eight (9.4%) patients had new-onset hyperchloremia and 110 (27.1%) had moderate increase in chloride (Δ[Cl⁻] ≥ 5 mmol/L; Δ[Cl⁻] = [Cl⁻]_max − [Cl⁻]₀) in the first 72 h after admission, which were found to be determined by the sequential organ failure assessment score in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Neither total fluid input nor cumulative fluid balance had significant association with such chloride disturbance. New-onset hyperchloremia and every 5 mmol/L increment in Δ[Cl⁻] were both associated with increased odds of 30-day mortality and 6-month poor outcome, although no independent significance was found in multivariate models.</p><p>Conclusion: Hyperchloremia tends to occur in patients more severely affected by AIS and ICH. Although no independent association was found, new-onset hyperchloremia and every 5 mmol/L increment in Δ[Cl⁻] were related to poorer outcome in critically ill AIS and ICH patients.</p><p>Subject terms: clinical studies, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, mortality/survival, quality and outcomes.</p

Table_3_Hyperchloremia Is Associated With Poorer Outcome in Critically Ill Stroke Patients.DOCX

<p>Background and Purpose: This study aims to explore the cause and predictive value of hyperchloremia in critically ill stroke patients.</p><p>Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of a prospectively collected database of adult patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) admitted to the neurointensive care unit (NICU) of a university-affiliated hospital, between January 2013 and December 2016. Patients were excluded if admitted beyond 72 h from onset, if they required neurocritical care for less than 72 h, and were treated with hypertonic saline within 72 h or had creatinine clearance less than 15 mL/min.</p><p>Results: Of 405 eligible patients, the prevalence of hyperchloremia ([Cl⁻] ≥ 110 mmol/L) was 8.6% at NICU admission ([Cl⁻]₀) and 17.0% within 72 h ([Cl⁻]_max). Thirty-eight (9.4%) patients had new-onset hyperchloremia and 110 (27.1%) had moderate increase in chloride (Δ[Cl⁻] ≥ 5 mmol/L; Δ[Cl⁻] = [Cl⁻]_max − [Cl⁻]₀) in the first 72 h after admission, which were found to be determined by the sequential organ failure assessment score in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Neither total fluid input nor cumulative fluid balance had significant association with such chloride disturbance. New-onset hyperchloremia and every 5 mmol/L increment in Δ[Cl⁻] were both associated with increased odds of 30-day mortality and 6-month poor outcome, although no independent significance was found in multivariate models.</p><p>Conclusion: Hyperchloremia tends to occur in patients more severely affected by AIS and ICH. Although no independent association was found, new-onset hyperchloremia and every 5 mmol/L increment in Δ[Cl⁻] were related to poorer outcome in critically ill AIS and ICH patients.</p><p>Subject terms: clinical studies, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, mortality/survival, quality and outcomes.</p

Dynamic changes of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in brain-dead donors and delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a simple parameter implying the inflammatory status. We aimed to explore the association of brain-dead donor NLR change with delayed graft function (DGF) in kidney transplant recipients. We retrospectively analyzed the data on 102 adult brain-dead donors and their corresponding 199 kidney transplant recipients (2018 − 2021). We calculated ΔNLR by subtracting the NLR before evaluating brain death from the preoperative NLR. Increasing donor NLR was defined as ΔNLR > 0. Forty-four (22%) recipients developed DGF after transplantation. Increasing donor NLR was significantly associated with the development of DGF in recipients (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2 − 6.6; p = .018), and remained significant (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0 − 6.4; p = .040) after adjustment of confounders including BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and the occurrence of cardiac arrest. When acute kidney injury (AKI) was included in the multivariable analysis, increasing donor NLR lost its independent correlation with DGF, while AKI remained an independent risk factor of recipient DGF (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.7 − 7.6; p p = .015) and AKI alone (0.859, p  Dynamic changes of donor NLR are promising in predicting post-transplant DGF. It will assist clinicians in the early recognition and management of renal graft dysfunction. Validation of this new biomarker in a large study is needed.</p

Genome-Wide Scan Identifies Variant in <em>TNFSF13</em> Associated with Serum IgM in a Healthy Chinese Male Population

<div><p>IgM provides a first line of defense during microbial infections. Serum IgM levels are detected routinely in clinical practice. And IgM is a genetically complex trait. We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic variants affecting serum IgM levels in a Chinese population of 3495, including 1999 unrelated subjects in the first stage and 1496 independent individuals in the second stage. Our data show that a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs11552708 located in the <em>TNFSF13</em> gene was significantly associated with IgM levels (<em>p</em> = 5.00×10⁻⁷ in first stage, <em>p</em> = 1.34×10⁻³ in second stage, and <em>p</em> = 4.22×10⁻⁹ when combined). Besides, smoking was identified to be associated with IgM levels in both stages (<em>P</em><0.05), but there was no significant interaction between smoking and the identified SNP (<em>P</em>>0.05). It is suggested that <em>TNFSF13</em> may be a susceptibility gene affecting serum IgM levels in Chinese male population.</p> </div

Manhattan plot of genome-wide association analyses for IgM level.

<p>X-axis shows chromosomal positions. Y-axis shows −log10 p-values from the linear regression.</p

General characteristics of the two-stage GWAS study participants.

a<p><i>T</i>-test was used to compare means of the continuous variables between the first and the second stages.</p>b<p><i>X</i>²-test was used to compare the differences for categorical variables.</p

SNPs associated with levels of IgM.

<p>IgM levels were log-transformed and the values presented were back-transformed.</p><p>m, minor allele; M, major allele.</p