引言 (Introduction)

本期专辑收录的文章于2007年9月在青岛举行的题为“殖民主义与中国近代社会”的学术研讨会上初次面世。这次国际研讨会由悉尼科技大学和青岛海洋大学共同举办，与会者来自澳大利亚、美国、英国、法国、德国、意大利、日本、新加坡、中国等众多国家，论文作者当中既有享誉世界的专家也有正在攻读博士的青年学者。正如会议代表丰富多姿的不同背景，会议论文以“殖民主义与中国近代社会”为主题，从各种不同的角度，运用不同的方法探讨了中国自1840年鸦片战争到二十世纪后期香港澳门回归长达一个多世纪里与西方列强的遭遇

The MAP Kinase SsKpp2 Is Required for Mating/Filamentation in Sporisorium scitamineum

In the phytopathogenic fungus Sporisorium scitamineum, sexual mating between two compatible haploid cells and the subsequent formation of dikaryotic hyphae is essential for infection. This process was shown to be commonly regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and a cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis but remains largely unknown in S. scitamineum. In this study, we identified a conserved putative MAP kinase Kpp2 in S. scitamineum and named it as SsKpp2. The sskpp2Δ mutant displayed significant reduction in mating/filamentation, which could be partially restored by addition of cAMP or tryptophol, a quorum-sensing molecule identified in budding yeast. Transcriptional profiling showed that genes governing S. scitamineum mating or tryptophol biosynthesis were significantly differentially regulated in the sskpp2Δ mutant compared to the WT, under mating condition. Our results demonstrate that the MAP kinase SsKpp2 is required for S. scitamineum mating/filamentation likely through regulating the conserved pheromone signal transduction pathway and tryptophol production

From GPT-4 to Gemini and Beyond: Assessing the Landscape of MLLMs on Generalizability, Trustworthiness and Causality through Four Modalities

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown impressive abilities in generating reasonable responses with respect to multi-modal contents. However, there is still a wide gap between the performance of recent MLLM-based applications and the expectation of the broad public, even though the most powerful OpenAI's GPT-4 and Google's Gemini have been deployed. This paper strives to enhance understanding of the gap through the lens of a qualitative study on the generalizability, trustworthiness, and causal reasoning capabilities of recent proprietary and open-source MLLMs across four modalities: ie, text, code, image, and video, ultimately aiming to improve the transparency of MLLMs. We believe these properties are several representative factors that define the reliability of MLLMs, in supporting various downstream applications. To be specific, we evaluate the closed-source GPT-4 and Gemini and 6 open-source LLMs and MLLMs. Overall we evaluate 230 manually designed cases, where the qualitative results are then summarized into 12 scores (ie, 4 modalities times 3 properties). In total, we uncover 14 empirical findings that are useful to understand the capabilities and limitations of both proprietary and open-source MLLMs, towards more reliable downstream multi-modal applications

《家信与中国—伊莉莎白•弗雷在天津 1913-1914年》（‘Writing Home and China: Elisabeth Frey in Tianjin, 1913-1914’）

摘要：在十九世纪末二十世纪初来华的欧洲殖民者往往都有家人相伴随。家庭成员的日记、信件似乎是可以让人了解日常殖民经历的有用信息源。傅赖义（Walther Frey）是1905-1938年间在中国工作的一位杰出的建筑师，并且是1914年以前天津德国社团的支柱人物。他的妹妹伊莉莎白（Elisabeth）在1913-1914年期间来华看望他，伊莉莎白在华期间定期给她在德国的母亲写信。这些信件从一开始就被有意识地作为一种日记来写，详细地描述了她在中国的殖民生活经历。从今天的角度来看，它们不仅是一位年轻女性二十世纪初在中国的殖民经历的记述，而且也是所谓“殖民凝视”的详细展现。同时，这些信件也清楚地显示出历史研究依靠此类资料的局限性。 关键词：信 中国 蔑视 愤怒 殖民凝

Cross-linked, ETFE-derived and radiation grafted membranes for anion exchange membrane fuel cell applications

To develop a series of cross-linked anion exchange membranes for application in fuel cells, poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) films was radiation grafted with vinyl benzyl chloride (VBC), followed by quaternization and crosslinking with 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO), alkylation with p-Xylylenedichloride (DCX), and quaternization again with trimethylamine (TMA). These anion exchange membranes were characterized in terms of water uptake, ion-exchange capacity, ionic conductivity as well as thermal stability. The chemical structures of the membranes were examined by FT-IR. The anion conductivity of the resulting alkaline anion exchange membrane is as high as 0.039 S cm-1 at 30 掳C in deionized water and the ionic conductivity increases with the increasing of temperature from 20 to 80 掳C. The membrane is stable after being treated by 10 M potassium hydroxide solution at 60 掳C for 120 h.The fuel cell performance with the final AAEM obtained in a H2/O2 single fuel cell at 40 掳C with this AAEM was 48 mW cm-2 at a current density of 69 mA cm-2. 漏 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved