Mathematical values in the processing of Chinese numeral classifiers and measure words

<div><p>A numeral classifier is required between a numeral and a noun in Chinese, which comes in two varieties, sortal classifer (C) and measural classifier (M), also known as ‘classifier’ and ‘measure word’, respectively. Cs categorize objects based on semantic attributes and Cs and Ms both denote quantity in terms of mathematical values. The aim of this study was to conduct a psycholinguistic experiment to examine whether participants process C/Ms based on their mathematical values with a semantic distance comparison task, where participants judged which of the two C/M phrases was semantically closer to the target C/M. Results showed that participants performed more accurately and faster for C/Ms with fixed values than the ones with variable values. These results demonstrated that mathematical values do play an important role in the processing of C/Ms. This study may thus shed light on the influence of the linguistic system of C/Ms on magnitude cognition.</p></div

Construction of Furan Derivatives with a Trifluoromethyl Stereogenic Center: Enantioselective Friedel–Crafts Alkylations via Formal Trienamine Catalysis

An asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of 2-furfuryl ketones with β-trifluoromethyl enones has been developed via formal trienamine catalysis of a bifunctional primary amine-thiourea substance derived from <i>L</i>-<i>tert</i>-leucine, delivering the furan derivatives incorporating a stereogenic trifluoromethyl (CF₃) group in good to high yields with excellent enantioselectivity

Construction of Furan Derivatives with a Trifluoromethyl Stereogenic Center: Enantioselective Friedel–Crafts Alkylations via Formal Trienamine Catalysis

An asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of 2-furfuryl ketones with β-trifluoromethyl enones has been developed via formal trienamine catalysis of a bifunctional primary amine-thiourea substance derived from <i>L</i>-<i>tert</i>-leucine, delivering the furan derivatives incorporating a stereogenic trifluoromethyl (CF₃) group in good to high yields with excellent enantioselectivity

Types of mathematical values denoted by C/Ms.

<p>Types of mathematical values denoted by C/Ms.</p

The experimental procedure.

<p>In each trial, participants saw three C/M phrases on the screen. They had to choose between the two C/M phrases at the bottom the one that was semantically closer to the target C/M phrase on the top. The C/M options were composed of minimal pairs which included an identical numeral, a classifier or a measure word, and an identical noun.</p

The mean (and standard deviation) of accuracy and reaction times (RT) in experiment.

<p>The mean (and standard deviation) of accuracy and reaction times (RT) in experiment.</p

Examples of Chinese numeral classifiers and measure words.

<p>Examples of Chinese numeral classifiers and measure words.</p

Direct Remote Asymmetric Bisvinylogous 1,4-Additions of Cyclic 2,5‑Dienones to Nitroalkenes

Here we report that cyclic 2,5-dienones can act as bisvinylogous precursors through in situ generation of linear trienamine species with a cinchona-derived primary amine, and exclusively remote ε-regioselective 1,4-additions to nitroalkenes were accomplished in moderate to high enantioselectivity. Moreover, a diversity of complex spirocyclic frameworks could be efficiently constructed in an enantioenriched manner from these multifunctional 1,4-adducts via subsequent vinylogous iminium and even cascade iminium catalysis of the same amine

Asymmetric Direct Vinylogous Michael Additions of Allyl Alkyl Ketones to Maleimides through Dienamine Catalysis

A direct catalytic asymmetric γ-regioselective vinylogous Michael addition of allyl alkyl ketones to maleimides has been developed through dienamine catalysis of a simple chiral 1,2-diphenylethanediamine, giving multifunctional products in excellent enantioselectivity and with high yields. The success of this catalytic strategy relies on the unique inducing effect of deconjugated β,γ-CC bond, which facilitates the formation of the otherwise unfavored extended dienamine species

Divergent Cyclization Reactions of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates of 2‑Cyclohexenone and Isatylidene Malononitriles

Zwitterionic dienolates generated from Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates of cyclohexen-2-one and a phenolic tertiary amine catalyst underwent divergent cyclization reactions with isatylidene malononitriles. A new [4 + 2] stepwise cyclization process was disclosed to deliver complex bridged spirooxindoles after the initial δ′-regioselective Rauhut–Currier-type reaction with <i>N</i>-methyl electrophiles by the catalysis of β-isocupreidine, while spirooxindoles incorporating an aromatic chromene motif were generated with <i>N</i>-MOM acceptors in the presence of α-isocupreine through different domino transformations