Die Auswirkungen der Price-Cap Regulierung auf das Investitionsverhalten eines Monopolisten

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Auswirkungen der Price-Cap Regulierung auf das Investitionsverhalten eines Monopolisten. Es wird zunächst die Theorie der Price-Cap Regulierung dargestellt. Anschließend werden Investitionen von natürlichen Monopolen im Infrastrukturbereich diskutiert, wobei die Bedeutung und Eigenschaften dieser besonders unterstrichen werden. Der Hauptteil beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen der Price-Cap Regulierung auf die Komponenten der Kapitalkosten. Im Mittelpunkt der Diskussion steht das Beta des Monopolisten. Es wird versucht, etwaige Auswirkungen der Regulierung auf das systematische Risiko hin zu analysieren, wobei auch nicht-systematisches und regulatorisches Risiko in die Untersuchung mit einbezogen werden. Das Beta des regulierten Monopolisten wird anhand eines Investitionsprojektes zunächst bei Kostenunsicherheit, dann bei Nachfrageunsicherheit theoretisch erfasst und mit dem Beta eines unregulierten Monopolisten verglichen. Außerdem wird auf die Bedeutung der Kapitalstruktur regulierter Unternehmen eingegangen. Hierbei wird die Interaktion zwischen dem regulierten Unternehmen und der Regulierungsbehörde analysiert, da die Kapitalstruktur von beiden Seiten als ein strategisches Mittel zur Beeinflussung der Preise genutzt werden kann. Im letzten Teil wird das Verhalten eines Price-Cap regulierten Monopolisten im Lichte der Realoptionstheorie untersucht. Die Realoptionstheorie als ein neuer Ansatz zur Investitionsbewertung berücksichtigt im Gegensatz zur klassischen Barwertmethode die Verschiebung des Investitionszeitpunktes als eine neue Dimension und versucht somit auch den Optionswert einer Investition zu erfassen. Dabei werden sowohl der Investitionszeitpunkt als auch das Investitionsniveau des Monopolisten analysiert. die Arbeit schließ dann mit einer Diskussion der Ergebnisse ab.This thesis has the aim to study the effects of the Price Cap regulation on investment incentives of a monopoly firm. It begins with the discussion of the theory. Investments of natural monopolies differ in their own characteristics and importance from investments of other firms. The most important factor of these is maybe the irreversibility, which makes the investment very valuable and vulnerable. Second, such investments affect the whole economy of a nation. Besides, there comes the effects oft he regulation. To find out the effects of the regulation, the components of the cost of capital are analysed. Since the value of an investment depends on the cost of capital. In general risks of an investment are captured by the beta. Some factors are determined which affet the beta of the regulated firm. The effects of risk distribution, cost uncertainty and demand uncertainty are analysed. Negative effects of these factors could be demonstrated on the basis of an investment project. Finally the investment behavior of the regulated monopolist is highlighted with the help oft he real options theory, since it takes account for the irreversibility und uncertainty. The investment timing and scale of an unregulated monopoly are compared to that of an regulated monopoly to identify the effect oft he Price Cap regulation. The results show that Price Cap regulation fails to achieve the social desired optimal level

Shari'ah Screening Methodology- New Shari'ah Compliant Approach

The purpose of this paper is to address to a long-standing criticism of the various Shari’ah screening methodologies implemented by Islamic index providers. This study aims to provide evidences derived from the Islamic sources (Qur’an and Sunnah) and offers a potential solution for the harmonization of Shari’ah screening methodologies. Strong evidences from the Qur’an reveal that the most righteous and fair judgment is provided when the only factors that are considered are the entirely endogenous factors. This study further emphasizes the importance of using a screening methodology that supports the main notions of Islamic finance as a whole, and adheres to the essence of the ayah (Al-Baqarah: 275). This study exhibits a potential towards the harmonization of Shari’ah screening methodologies which encourages the participation of Muslim investors by ensuring better awareness and confidence regarding stock investments. This paper fulfils an identified need to study how Shari’ah screening methodologies can be derived from the Islamic sources yet is based on “out-of-the-box” thinking

Fıkhi Filtreleme Metodolojisi - Yeni Bir Fıkhi Yaklaşım

Bu çalışmanın ana amacı halihazırda çeşitli kurumlar tarafından uygulanan farklı metodolojilere dayanılarak elde edilmiş “fıkhi uygunluk kriterleri”ne yönelik eleştirilere dönük önerilerde bulunmaktır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, İslamın birincil kaynaklarından (Kuran ve Sünnet) elde edilen bulgular ışığında, fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerini oluşturan metodolojilerde görülen farklılıkların standartlaştırılması için çözümler üretmeye çalışmaktadır. İslamın birincil kaynakları olan Kuran ve Sünnet’ten elde edilen güçlü çıkarımlar gösterir ki bir firmanın fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerine uygun olup olmadığı hakkındaki hakkaniyetli ve adil bir hüküm ancak o firmanın kontrolü altında olan içsel faktörlere bakılarak verilebilinir. Bu çalışma ayrıca fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerinin bir bütün halinde İslami finansin temel prensiplerini yansıtmasının önemine ve bu minvalde Bakara Suresi’nin 275’inci ayetinin ruhuna uygun olmasının elzemliğine vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın halihazirda var olan fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerindeki farklılıklardan harmoni/standartlaşma üretme potansiyeli ile İslami hassasiyetlere sahip yatırımcıları sağladığı bilinçlenme ve güvenilirlik sayesinde daha fazla yatırım yapmaya teşvik etmesi beklenmektedir. Bu çalışma kanıksanmış düşünme tarzlarının dışına çıkarak, fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerinin İslamın birincil kaynaklarına dayanılarak nasıl elde edilmesi gerektiği ana sorusuna kapsamlı bir şekilde cevap üretmeye çalışmaktadır. The purpose of this paper is to address to a long-standing criticism of the various Shari’ah screening methodologies implemented by Islamic index providers. This study aims to provide evidences derived from the Islamic sources (Qur’an and Sunnah) and offers a potential solution for the harmonization of Shari’ah screening methodologies. Strong evidences from the Qur’an reveal that the most righteous and fair judgment is provided when the only factors that are considered are the entirely endogenous factors. This study further emphasizes the importance of using a screening methodology that supports the main notions of Islamic finance as a whole, and adheres to the essence of the ayah (Al-Baqarah: 275). This study exhibits a potential towards the harmonization of Shari’ah screening methodologies which encourages the participation of Muslim investors by ensuring better awareness and confidence regarding stock investments. This paper fulfils an identified need to study how Shari’ah screening methodologies can be derived from the Islamic sources yet is based on “out-of-the-box” thinking

Relationship between regional Shariah stock markets: The cointegration and causality

This paper investigates the relative importance of the global and regional markets affecting Asian financial market, the cross-market transmission mechanism between the stock markets, and the Asian market responses to the global financial crises in 2008. It’s objective is to answer whether there is a cointegration among the selected 5 regional stock markets – Asia, USA, Europe, BRIC and Arabian; especially their Shariah Indices. In case a cointegration exist, which of the 5 financial markets are the most leader (exogenous) or most follower (endogenous) and whether specifically the Asian market is influenced by this cointegration. Lastly this paper will try to emphasize the implications to the Asian Islamic investors. (e.g. Portfolio Management, Strategic Investment Management). This paper applies the eight steps of time series techniques based on the 5 years daily data, from 04/2008 to 09/2013. Time series econometrics has been selected, since is better than regression approach, because it tested long term theoretical relationship between the variables rather than making any early assumption of such relationship. Empirical results show a long-term equilibrium relationship (co-integration) between the selected 5 Shariah indices. It shows also that the US-, European and the BRIC Sharia Indices are the leading markets compared to the Asian and Arabian Shariah Indices. The causality test show, that especially the Asian Sharia Index is strongly impacted by the other indices and less impacted by the Arabian Shariah Index

Investigating International Portfolio Diversification Opportunities for the Asian Islamic Stock Market Investors

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possible portfolio diversification opportunities between Asian Islamic market and other regions’ Islamic markets; namely USA, Europe and BRIC. This study makes the initial attempt to fill in the gaps of previous studies by focusing on the proxies of global Islamic markets to identify the correlations among those selected markets by employing the recent econometric methodologies such as multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic-dynamic conditional correlations (MGARCH–DCC), maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT), and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). By utilizing the MGARCH-DCC, this chapter tries to identify the strength of the time-varying correlation among the markets. However, to see the time-scale dependent nature of these mentioned correlations, the authors utilized CWT. For robustness, the authors have applied MODWT methodology as well. The findings tend to indicate that the Asian investors have better portfolio diversification opportunities with the US markets followed by the European markets. BRIC markets do not offer any portfolio diversification benefits, which may be explained partly by the fact that the Asian markets cover partially the same countries of BRIC markets, namely India and China. Considering the time horizon dimension, the results narrow down the portfolio diversification opportunities only to the short-term investment horizons. The very short-run investors (up to eight days only) can benefit through portfolio diversification, especially in the US and European markets. The above-mentioned results have policy implications for the Asian Islamic investors (e.g. Portfolio Management, Strategic Investment Management)

Fıkhi Filtreleme Metodolojisi - Yeni Bir Fıkhi Yaklaşım

Bu çalışmanın ana amacı halihazırda çeşitli kurumlar tarafından uygulanan farklı metodolojilere dayanılarak elde edilmiş “fıkhi uygunluk kriterleri”ne yönelik eleştirilere dönük önerilerde bulunmaktır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, İslamın birincil kaynaklarından (Kuran ve Sünnet) elde edilen bulgular ışığında, fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerini oluşturan metodolojilerde görülen farklılıkların standartlaştırılması için çözümler üretmeye çalışmaktadır. İslamın birincil kaynakları olan Kuran ve Sünnet’ten elde edilen güçlü çıkarımlar gösterir ki bir firmanın fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerine uygun olup olmadığı hakkındaki hakkaniyetli ve adil bir hüküm ancak o firmanın kontrolü altında olan içsel faktörlere bakılarak verilebilinir. Bu çalışma ayrıca fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerinin bir bütün halinde İslami finansin temel prensiplerini yansıtmasının önemine ve bu minvalde Bakara Suresi’nin 275’inci ayetinin ruhuna uygun olmasının elzemliğine vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın halihazirda var olan fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerindeki farklılıklardan harmoni/standartlaşma üretme potansiyeli ile İslami hassasiyetlere sahip yatırımcıları sağladığı bilinçlenme ve güvenilirlik sayesinde daha fazla yatırım yapmaya teşvik etmesi beklenmektedir. Bu çalışma kanıksanmış düşünme tarzlarının dışına çıkarak, fıkhi uygunluk kriterlerinin İslamın birincil kaynaklarına dayanılarak nasıl elde edilmesi gerektiği ana sorusuna kapsamlı bir şekilde cevap üretmeye çalışmaktadır. The purpose of this paper is to address to a long-standing criticism of the various Shari’ah screening methodologies implemented by Islamic index providers. This study aims to provide evidences derived from the Islamic sources (Qur’an and Sunnah) and offers a potential solution for the harmonization of Shari’ah screening methodologies. Strong evidences from the Qur’an reveal that the most righteous and fair judgment is provided when the only factors that are considered are the entirely endogenous factors. This study further emphasizes the importance of using a screening methodology that supports the main notions of Islamic finance as a whole, and adheres to the essence of the ayah (Al-Baqarah: 275). This study exhibits a potential towards the harmonization of Shari’ah screening methodologies which encourages the participation of Muslim investors by ensuring better awareness and confidence regarding stock investments. This paper fulfils an identified need to study how Shari’ah screening methodologies can be derived from the Islamic sources yet is based on “out-of-the-box” thinking

Investigating International Portfolio Diversification Opportunities for the Asian Islamic Stock Market Investors

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possible portfolio diversification opportunities between Asian Islamic market and other regions’ Islamic markets; namely USA, Europe and BRIC. This study makes the initial attempt to fill in the gaps of previous studies by focusing on the proxies of global Islamic markets to identify the correlations among those selected markets by employing the recent econometric methodologies such as multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic-dynamic conditional correlations (MGARCH–DCC), maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT), and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). By utilizing the MGARCH-DCC, this chapter tries to identify the strength of the time-varying correlation among the markets. However, to see the time-scale dependent nature of these mentioned correlations, the authors utilized CWT. For robustness, the authors have applied MODWT methodology as well. The findings tend to indicate that the Asian investors have better portfolio diversification opportunities with the US markets followed by the European markets. BRIC markets do not offer any portfolio diversification benefits, which may be explained partly by the fact that the Asian markets cover partially the same countries of BRIC markets, namely India and China. Considering the time horizon dimension, the results narrow down the portfolio diversification opportunities only to the short-term investment horizons. The very short-run investors (up to eight days only) can benefit through portfolio diversification, especially in the US and European markets. The above-mentioned results have policy implications for the Asian Islamic investors (e.g. Portfolio Management, Strategic Investment Management)

The Effect of Recent Financial Crisis over Global Portfolio Diversification Opportunities – Empirical Evidence A Comparative Multivariate GARCH-DCC, MODWT and Wavelet Correlation Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possible portfolio diversification opportunities between Asian Islamic Market and other regions‟ Islamic Markets; namely USA, Europe and BRIC. This study makes the initial attempt to fill in the gaps of previous studies by focusing on the proxies of global Islamic markets - based on the 6 years‟ daily data, from 04/2008 to 03/2014 - to identify the correlations among those selected markets by employing the recent econometric methodologies such as MGARCH-DCC, MODWT and the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). By utilizing the MGARCH-DCC, this paper tries to identify the strength of the correlation among the markets. On the other hand, to see the time-varying nature of these mentioned correlations, we utilized CWT. For robustness, we have applied MODWT methodology as well. The findings tend to indicate that the Asian investors have a better portfolio diversification opportunities with the US markets followed by the European markets. BRIC markets do not offer any portfolio diversification benefits, which may be explained partly by the fact that the Asian markets cover partially the same countries of BRIC markets, namely India and China. Considering the time horizon dimension, the results narrow down the portfolio diversification opportunities only to the short-term investment horizons. The very short-run investors (up to 8 days only) can benefit through portfolio diversification, especially in the USA and European markets. The above-mentioned results have policy implications for the Asian Islamic investors (e.g. Portfolio Management, Strategic Investment Management)

The Effect of Recent Financial Crisis over Global Portfolio Diversification Opportunities – Empirical Evidence A Comparative Multivariate GARCH-DCC, MODWT and Wavelet Correlation Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possible portfolio diversification opportunities between Asian Islamic Market and other regions‟ Islamic Markets; namely USA, Europe and BRIC. This study makes the initial attempt to fill in the gaps of previous studies by focusing on the proxies of global Islamic markets - based on the 6 years‟ daily data, from 04/2008 to 03/2014 - to identify the correlations among those selected markets by employing the recent econometric methodologies such as MGARCH-DCC, MODWT and the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). By utilizing the MGARCH-DCC, this paper tries to identify the strength of the correlation among the markets. On the other hand, to see the time-varying nature of these mentioned correlations, we utilized CWT. For robustness, we have applied MODWT methodology as well. The findings tend to indicate that the Asian investors have a better portfolio diversification opportunities with the US markets followed by the European markets. BRIC markets do not offer any portfolio diversification benefits, which may be explained partly by the fact that the Asian markets cover partially the same countries of BRIC markets, namely India and China. Considering the time horizon dimension, the results narrow down the portfolio diversification opportunities only to the short-term investment horizons. The very short-run investors (up to 8 days only) can benefit through portfolio diversification, especially in the USA and European markets. The above-mentioned results have policy implications for the Asian Islamic investors (e.g. Portfolio Management, Strategic Investment Management)

Determinants of capital structure - Evidence from Shari'ah compliant and non-compliant firms

Many Muslim individual and institutional investors seek to invest only in stocks that are compliant with the Shari'ah (i.e. Islamic law). Among others, Dow Jones addressed this demand and has developed their proprietary screening methodologies to identify Shari'ah compliant firms (SC). One key factor that distinguishes SC firms from their non compliant peers (SNC) is that the former is not allowed to cross the leverage threshold of 33%. Due to the restrictions imposed on them, it is expected that SC firms exhibit different capital structure compared to the SNC firms. The purpose of this initial comparative study is to analyze the most reliable debt determinants identified in the literature on both firm types. This study utilizes static panel data techniques on the sample consisting of SC and SNC firms from 7 countries and 7 industries over the years 2004–2014. Our study is inconclusive and it shows that most of the determinants do exhibit different effects among both firm types. Depending on the leverage measure, the effect of different independent variables on firms' capital structure varies. A uniform effect can be exerted for debt determinants profitability for both leverage measures, and growth opportunities, firm size and tangibility for market leverage only. Our robustness tests reveal that the impact of some debt determinants on firms leverage remains consistent. The coefficient sign and significance suggests, that the capital structure decision of both firm types, both are better explained by the Pecking Order Theory for book and by the Trade-Off Theory for market leverage, respectively