6 research outputs found
Folding Behaviors of Protein (Lysozyme) Confined in Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelle
The folding/unfolding
behavior of proteins (enzymes) in confined
space is important for their properties and functions, but such a
behavior remains largely unexplored. In this article, we reported
our finding that lysozyme and a double hydrophilic block copolymer,
methoxyÂpolyÂ(ethylene glycol)<sub>5K</sub>-<i>block</i>-polyÂ(l-aspartic acid sodium salt)<sub>10</sub> (mPEG<sub>5K</sub>-<i>b</i>-PLD<sub>10</sub>), can form a polyelectrolyte
complex micelle with a particle size of âŒ30 nm, as verified
by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy.
The unfolding and refolding behaviors of lysozyme molecules in the
presence of the copolymer were studied by microcalorimetry and circular
dichroism spectroscopy. Upon complex formation with mPEG<sub>5K</sub>-<i>b</i>-PLD<sub>10</sub>, lysozyme changed from its initial
native state to a new partially unfolded state. Compared with its
native state, this copolymer-complexed new folding state of lysozyme
has different secondary and tertiary structures, a decreased thermostability,
and significantly altered unfolding/refolding behaviors. It was found
that the native lysozyme exhibited reversible unfolding and refolding
upon heating and subsequent cooling, while lysozyme in the new folding
state (complexed with the oppositely charged PLD segments of the polymer)
could unfold upon heating but could not refold upon subsequent cooling.
By employing the heatingâcoolingâreheating procedure,
the prevention of complex formation between lysozyme and polymer due
to the salt screening effect was observed, and the resulting uncomplexed
lysozyme regained its proper unfolding and refolding abilities upon
heating and subsequent cooling. Besides, we also pointed out the important
role the length of the PLD segment played during the formation of
micelles and the monodispersity of the formed micelles. Furthermore,
the lysozymeâmPEG<sub>5K</sub>-<i>b</i>-PLD<sub>10</sub> mixtures prepared in this work were all transparent, without the
formation of large aggregates or precipitates in solution as frequently
observed in other proteinâpolyelectrolyte systems. Hence, the
present proteinâPEGylated polyÂ(amino acid) mixture provides
an ideal water-soluble model system to study the important role of
electrostatic interaction in the complexation between proteins and
polymers, leading to important new knowledge on the proteinâpolymer
interactions. Moreover, the polyelectrolyte complex micelle formed
between protein and PEGylated polymer may provide a good drug delivery
vehicle for therapeutic proteins
Complexation of Lysozyme with Sodium Poly(styrenesulfonate) via the Two-State and Non-Two-State Unfoldings of Lysozyme
To
provide an in-depth understanding of the complexation mechanism
of protein and polyelectrolyte, a heatingâcoolingâreheating
protocol was employed to study the unfolding and refolding behaviors
of a model protein, lysozyme, in the presence of a negatively charged
polyelectrolyte, sodium polyÂ(styrenesulfonate) (PSS). It was found
that, with elevated PSS concentration, a new state (state I) was first
formed via a âtwo-stateâ conversion process and this
state could further convert to a completely unfolded state (state
II) via a ânon-two-stateâ conversion. This non-two-state
conversion process occurs without the coexistence of states I and
II but involves the formation of various intermediate unfolded protein
structures. Different from the pure lysozyme that exhibited refolding
upon cooling from its heat-denatured state, lysozyme in state I could
undergo unfolding upon heating but no refolding upon cooling, while
lysozyme in state II did not undergo unfolding or refolding upon thermal
treatments. In addition, the effects of ionic strength and molecular
weight of polyelectrolyte on the unfolding and refolding behaviors
of lysozyme were also investigated. The present work provides a better
understanding of the principles governing proteinâpolyelectrolyte
interactions and may have implications for the fabrication of biocolloids
and biofilms
In Situ Visualization of Lipid Raft Domains by Fluorescent Glycol Chitosan Derivatives
Lipid
rafts are highly ordered small microdomains mainly composed
of glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and protein receptors. Optically
distinguishing lipid raft domains in cell membranes would greatly
facilitate the investigations on the structure and dynamics of raft-related
cellular behaviors, such as signal transduction, membrane transport
(endocytosis), adhesion, and motility. However, current strategies
about the visualization of lipid raft domains usually suffer from
the low biocompatibility of the probes, invasive detection, or ex
situ observation. At the same time, naturally derived biomacromolecules
have been extensively used in biomedical field and their interaction
with cells remains a long-standing topic since it is closely related
to various fundamental studies and potential applications. Herein,
noninvasive visualization of lipid raft domains in model lipid bilayers
(supported lipid bilayers and giant unilamellar vesicles) and live
cells was successfully realized in situ using fluorescent biomacromolecules:
the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled glycol chitosan molecules.
We found that the lipid raft domains in model or real membranes could
be specifically stained by the FITC-labeled glycol chitosan molecules,
which could be attributed to the electrostatic attractive interaction
and/or hydrophobic interaction between the probes and the lipid raft
domains. Since the FITC-labeled glycol chitosan molecules do not need
to completely insert into the lipid bilayer and will not disturb the
organization of lipids, they can more accurately visualize the raft
domains as compared with other fluorescent dyes that need to be premixed
with the various lipid molecules prior to the fabrication of model
membranes. Furthermore, the FITC-labeled glycol chitosan molecules
were found to be able to resist cellular internalization and could
successfully visualize rafts in live cells. The present work provides
a new way to achieve the imaging of lipid rafts and also sheds new
light on the interaction between biomacromolecules and lipid membranes
Enhanced Radiosensitization of Gold Nanospikes via Hyperthermia in Combined Cancer Radiation and Photothermal Therapy
Metallic
nanostructures as excellent candidates for nanosensitizers
have shown enormous potentials in cancer radiotherapy and photothermal
therapy. Clinically, a relatively low and safe radiation dose is highly
desired to avoid damage to normal tissues. Therefore, the synergistic
effect of the low-dosed X-ray radiation and other therapeutic approaches
(or so-called âcombined therapeutic strategyâ) is needed.
Herein, we have synthesized hollow and spike-like gold nanostructures
by a facile galvanic replacement reaction. Such gold nanospikes (GNSs)
with low cytotoxicity exhibited high photothermal conversion efficiency
(η = 50.3%) and had excellent photostability under cyclic near-infrared
(NIR) laser irradiations. We have demonstrated that these GNSs can
be successfully used for in vitro and in vivo X-ray radiation therapy
and NIR photothermal therapy. For the in vitro study, colony formation
assay clearly demonstrated that GNS-mediated photothermal therapy
and X-ray radiotherapy reduced the cell survival fraction to 89% and
51%, respectively. In contrast, the cell survival fraction of the
combined radio- and photothermal treatment decreased to 33%. The synergistic
cancer treatment performance was attributable to the effect of hyperthermia,
which efficiently enhanced the radiosensitizing effect of hypoxic
cancer cells that were resistant to ionizing radiation. The sensitization
enhancement ratio (SER) of GNSs alone was calculated to be about 1.38,
which increased to 1.63 when the GNS treatment was combined with the
NIR irradiation, confirming that GNSs are effective radiation sensitizers
to enhance X-ray radiation effect through hyperpyrexia. In vivo tumor
growth study indicated that the tumor growth inhibition (TGI) in the
synergistically treated group reached 92.2%, which was much higher
than that of the group treated with the GNS-enhanced X-ray radiation
(TGI = 29.8%) or the group treated with the GNS-mediated photothermal
therapy (TGI = 70.5%). This research provides a new method to employ
GNSs as multifunctional nanosensitizers for synergistic NIR photothermal
and X-ray radiation therapy in vitro and in vivo
Glutathione-Depleting Gold Nanoclusters for Enhanced Cancer Radiotherapy through Synergistic External and Internal Regulations
The
therapeutic performance of cancer radiotherapy is often limited by
the overexpression of glutathione (GSH) in tumors and low radiation
sensitivity of cancerous cells. To address these issues, the facilely
prepared histidine-capped gold nanoclusters (Au NCs@His) were adopted
as a radiosensitizer with a high sensitization enhancement ratio of
âŒ1.54. On one hand, Au NCs@His can inherit the local radiation
enhancement property of gold-based materials (external regulation);
on the other hand, Au NCs@His can decrease the intracellular GSH level,
thus preventing the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) from being
consumed by GSH, and arrest the cells at the radiosensitive G2/M phase
(internal regulation)