Development strategy reconsidered : Mexico, 1960-94

Different ways of discussing development strategy often reflect different definitions of development. Analysts who emphasize income or production as indicators of development may focus on macroeconomics or sectors. Other analysts may focus on distribution and social aspects as development. Economists tend to see development strategy from the normative, technocratic perspective of welfare economics. Political scientists may see development as a process of political interaction between different interests. Using Mexico as a case, the authors examine macroeconomic conditions and policies (based on flow of funds tables) and estimates of resource transfers between sectors and regions, to relate them to development strategies. They find that: 1) Macroeconomic conditions and policies have exerted a strong impact on resource transfers between the productive sector and the financial and fiscal sectors. 2) Because of the strong impact of macroeconomic conditions and policies, resource transfers between productive sectors were not necessarily evident for either financial or fiscal transfers. But combined transfers from nonagricultural states to agricultural states were significant in three out of four periods examined. 3) The government more effectively controls fiscal transfers because it is directly involved in decisionmaking about public investment and federal participation. Figures on fiscal transfers suggest that the government favored agricultural states in the quarter century studies. 4) Fiscal transfers dominated financial transfers--hence the general transfer from nonagricultural states to agricultural states. The Mexican government maintained a strong interventionist stance toward the rural and agricultural sector even as it espoused reducing the government's role in economic management. 5) During the era of shared development, the government favored less productive agricultural states over highly productive agricultural states. As agrarian reform was reformed, this favoritism diminished and eventually disappeared. 6) The study results reflect the Mexican government's political inclination to favor agricultural or rural states in coping with macroeconomic turmoil. In terms of development strategy, the federal government may have maintained that preference in securing resource flows, but that focus on the subsistence sector seems to have diminished recently.Health Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Economic Theory&Research,Decentralization,Economic Theory&Research,Poverty Assessment,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance,Achieving Shared Growth

Structural Reform as Precondition for Economic Growth : Analytical Framework and the Case of South Korea

High and sustained growth in East Asia, and particularly in Northeast Asia, after the Second World War stands out as exceptional experience in the economic history of the world. This article aims to provide a new perspective on this unique growth experience in Northeast Asia by presenting an analytical framework for the understanding of the critical role of structural reform as precondition for the start and continuation of economic growth. The analytical framework will be illustrated in discussing the case of South Korea. The article undertakes the following tasks: provide a methodological examination on the key concept of precondition, adopted to place growth experiences in the perspective of economic history; trace the growth trajectories of three Northeast Asian economies (Japan, Taiwan, and Korea) in a long-term perspective and post-WWII growth performances in some detail; identify both regional commonalities and differences across individual economies; present an analytical approach to precondition of economic growth from the standpoint of developmentalism; provide conceptual articulation of andanalytical framework for structural reform; illustrate the conceptual and analytical approaches by applying them to the examination of the experiences of Korea. The article concludes with the recapitulation of the central messages of the paper and the indication of tasks for further study on the relationship between stages of economic development and economic system evolution

Tg動物飼育システムSTAR及びSTAR/OKの紹介

Transgenic animal research is progressing in recent years. Severer cross-contamination prevention management is required for breeding transgenic animals in clean environment, like SPF animals. Moreover, contaminants and odors problems have posed the more serious influence to caretakers or researchers. In order that we might improve these problems, we got cooperation of Kumamoto University and developed the rack (STAR: System of Tonets Animal Rack)for transgenic animal research that have both the supply air-inlet and the exhaust air-outlet. If this system is used, the good experiment is possible that does not have a cross-contamination between cages and does not have diffusion contaminants and odors to an animal room. In this paper, we introduce also about the Okayama University specification (STAR/OK) as the application