Development of a Community-Based Fishery Management System in Japan

The development of Japan's community-based fishery management system is described. Over the past 250 years, three fishery laws were in effect. These fishery laws commonly adopted a fishing rights system as a tool for coastal fisheries management. During the feudal era until 1867, the fishing right system was used mainly to collect a fishery tax. The fishing right system established by the Old Fishery Law (1901-1947) helped to reduce conflicts between fishermen exploiting the same resources with different gears. The Current Fishery Law, enacted in 1949, has led to "Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries" by limiting its coverage to sedentary resources and non-mobile gear. At the same time, the Current Fishery Law created a system to establish coastal fishery management plans through fishing rights and licenses. These innovations have motivated fishermen to create the community-based coastal fisheries management system. Since the inception of the Current Fishery Law in 1949, the number of fishery management organizations created increased annually to a total of 1524 in 1993.fishery law, fishing rights, fishing license, fishery cooperative association, community-based fisheries management, fisheries management organization, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Chemical analysis of soluble fractions from normal and autolysed rabbit liver by column chromatography

Chromatography on Sephadex G-200 was performed with the soluble fraction of homogenated rabbit liver, which was extracted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 0.1 M NaCl. and the influences of autolysis on the soluble fraction of liver were also examined. The soluble fraction of liver was different from serum in molecular weight, in electrophoretic character and in components with sedimentation coefficients. The soluble fraction of liver was stable under the influence of Mg and K ions, and rather unstable in the presence of Na ions. Serum was fractionated in three main peaks. The soluble fraction of liver was fractionated in a similar pattern as of serum, but the first peak contained nucleic acid and lipoprotein. The second contained albumin. 32p radioactivity peaks of the stored sample appeared with change in patterns by autolysis from the original, and were observed wide based and continuous figures in retarded peaks. The correlations with the first peak and retarded peaks were represented by the analysis of phosphorus compounds and electrophoresis. In lipid analysis, both diglyceride and monoglyceride gradually decreased, and phospholipid pattern was observed to increase in retarded peaks by autolysis. Lipoprotein or lipid-albumin complex was gradually converted to smaller molecular weight compounds, and appeared in retarded peaks.</p

Repeated Multimarket Contact with Private Monitoring: A Belief-Free Approach

This paper studies repeated games where two players play multiple duopolistic games simultaneously (multimarket contact). A key assumption is that each player receives a noisy and private signal about the other's actions (private monitoring or observation errors). There has been no game-theoretic support that multimarket contact facilitates collusion or not, in the sense that more collusive equilibria in terms of per-market profits exist than those under a benchmark case of one market. An equilibrium candidate under the benchmark case is belief-free strategies. We are the first to construct a non-trivial class of strategies that exhibits the effect of multimarket contact from the perspectives of simplicity and mild punishment. Strategies must be simple because firms in a cartel must coordinate each other with no communication. Punishment must be mild to an extent that it does not hurt even the minimum required profits in the cartel. We thus focus on two-state automaton strategies such that the players are cooperative in at least one market even when he or she punishes a traitor. Furthermore, we identify an additional condition (partial indifference), under which the collusive equilibrium yields the optimal payoff.Comment: Accepted for the 9th Intl. Symp. on Algorithmic Game Theory; An extended version was accepted at the Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-20

First Synthesis of Asperopterin A, an Isoxanthopterin Glycoside from Aspergillus Oryzae

The key precursor, N-2-(N,N -dimethylaminomethylene)-6-hydroxymethyl-8-methyl-3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-7-xanthopterin (16) was efficiently prepared from 2,5-diamino-6-methylamino-3H-pyrimidin-4-one (5) and ethyl 3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-oxopropionate (12), followed by the protection of the pteridine ring. Glycosylation of 16 with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranose (18) in the presence of tin(IV) chloride yielded the corresponding beta-D-ribofuranoside. Successive removal of the protecting groups of the resulting D-ribofuranoside provided asperopterin A (4b)

Kalb-Ramond interaction for a closed p-brane

The Kalb-Ramond action for an interacting string is generalized to the case of a high-dimensional object (p-brane). The interaction is found to be mediated by a gauge boson of a completely antisymmetric tensor of rank $p+1$.Comment: 7 page

An Efficient, One-Pot Synthesis of Fosfomycin Dialkyl Esters from (R)-2-Tosyloxypropanal

(R)-2-Tosyloxypropanal (4) was prepared from D-mannitol in a 7-step sequence (51% overall yield). Addition of dialkyl phosphonates to 4 in the presence of titanium isopropoxide and the subsequent treatment with DBU stereoselectively afforded, in one-pot, fosfomycin dimethyl (5a) and dibenzyl (5b) esters both in 58% isolated yield

First Synthesis of Biopterin α-D-Glucoside

A novel glycosyl donor, 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-di-O-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-α-D-glucopyranosy bromide (15) was efficiently prepared from D-glucose in 8 steps. The first synthesis of 2’-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)biopterin (2) was achieved by treatment of the key precursor, N(2)-(N,N-dimethylamino- methylene)-1’-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]biopterin (6) with 15 in the presence of silver triflate and tetramethylurea, followed by removal of the protecting groups

First Synthesis of a Representative, Natural Pterin Glycoside: 2’-O-(α-D-Glucopyranosyl)biopterin

Glycosylation of N(2)-(N,N-dimethylaminomethylene)-1’-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl) ethyl]biopterin (14) with the novel donor 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-di-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide (19) in the presence of silver triflate and tetramethylurea predominantly afforded the corresponding α-D-glucopyranoside (20a), from which 2’-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)biopterin (1) was obtained by the successive removal of the protecting groups

First Synthesis of a Natural Isoxanthopterin Glycoside, Asperopterin-A

The key precursor, N-2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethylene)-6-hydroxymethy1-8-methyl-3[2-(4-nitrophenypethyl]-7-xanthopterin (9) was efficiently prepared from 2,5-diamino-6-methylam1no-3H-pyrimidin-4-one (3) and ethyl 3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-oxopropionate (11). The first synthesis of asperopterin-A (2b) was achieved by treatment of 9 with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoy1-beta-D-ribofuranose (15) in the presence of tin(IV) chloride, followed by removal of the protecting groups