The Effects of Impurities in the Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride Solution by Mercury Process

This investigation deals with the effects of impurites in the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution by mercury process, especially a particular action of magnesium ions, and experimentally points out such an action and its mechanism in the following aspects. 1. Relations between the current and potential. 2. The eddy flow on the electrode surface. 3. Surface tension on the electrode. 4. Potential distribution. It was noticed by this investigation that the action of magnesium ions has a connection with the polarographic maximum in the relations between the current and potential, and also, reference was made to the cause of the appearance of the maximum phenomenon

Chemical Engineering Studies on the Decomposition of Amalgam in a Packed Tower in the Chlor-caustic Industry

Part I. The kinetics of amalgam decomposition in the case of a local cell consisting of Na-Hg (Y)/NaOH aq. (X)/H₂-graphite, with emphasis on the hydrogen overpotential, chemical engineering considerations of the decomposition tower, and the design of the tower are described. These studies involve representations concerning the H.T.U. and the N.T.U. of the amalgam decomposition tower which differs from common packed towers where the diffusion process is controlling. Part. II. The amalgam decomposition tower is a kind of packed column. The height is given by the product of H.T.U. and N.T.U., where H.T.U. and N.T.U. are as follows: H.T.U.=1/K·M/S (1) N.T.U.=-∫y₀y₁·dy/E-πₕ⁰ (2) and 1/K=1/KᴀY+1/KH+1/KFᴷ≅1/KH+1/KFᴷ (3) Thus, the H.T.U. is, determined by the geometry which occurs between the graphite packings and the amalgam drops, and the N.T.U. is determined by the hydrogen overpotential of the graphite. Hence, the performance of the graphite packings may be estimated from these physical and electrochemical characteristics if they are established empirically

The Current Distribution in an Electrolytic Cell : Application of the Elliptic Integral to the Chemical Engineering

The state of the electrical field in an electrolytic cell cannot be explained completely by the electrostatic or electromagnetic theory, because in this field the chemical polarization always appears near the electrode surface. But we will neglect the effects of this polarization, and present the two-dimensional discussions on the forms of the electrolytic cell or field. The effects of the polarization can be introduced very easily by our previous research, so the following discussions will be directly useful from the point of view of the chemical or electrochemical engineering. In this paper, a) A Krebs Amalgam Type Chlorine Cell, b) The Graphite Anode with Many Grooves of a Horizontal Amalgam Type Chlorine Cell, and c) A Rectangular Electrolytic Cell are included

Studies on the Fluorine Generation by Fused Salt Electrolysis of KF·2HF at about 100°C

Fluorine generation by fused salt electrolysis of KF・2HF at medium temperature of about 100°C was studied from view points of anodic polarization and anode effect. At first, equipment for manufacturing anhydrous HF and a 100 Amp fluorine cell were designed and operated. Various anodic materials (carbons with different grades of graphitization, nickel, C-Cu alloy etc.) were used and the suitable materials for the fluorine generation were selected. Some additional agents (LiF, AlF₃, NiF₂ etc.) were added to the electrolyte and their effects to anodic polarization were considered from various points. Anodic polarization (or the degree of anode effect) have been proved to have the relation with the wettability of anode by electrolyte. Wettabilities of each electrode were measured by the measurement of sizes, forms and contact angles of bubbles on the anode surface by microphotographic observation. The relation between the wettability and limiting current densities at which anode effect starts, was discussed

Studies on the Lithium Alloys-Chlorine Secondary Battery

A new type of lithium alloys-chlorine secondary battery, by using molten salt of LiCl and KCl as an electrolyte, was constructed as an automobile and a stand-by battery. In this kind of battery, the electromotive force is somewhat less than that of a conventional lithium-chlorine battery ; but the cell structure is much simpler and the operating temperature much lower. Also, the self discharge rate is much lower. The output coulombic capacity, output power and output energy were calculated to be 55 Ahr, 260 W and 150 Whr respectively, when zinc of 1 kg was used as the substratum metal. From these data it may be concluded that this type of secondary battery is very promising for automotive and stand-by uses

Behavior of a Model Bipolar Cell with Cylindrical Electrodes

A type of bipolar cell, which consisted of graphite rods as bipolar electrodes, was constructed as a model of the packed bipolar cell. Behavior of this cell was investigated in the electro-deposition of copper from dilute solutions of copper ( II ) sulfate. The effective cathode area on each electrode was dependent on the applied voltage. The maximum energy efficiency was attained at a certain voltage. These results are discussed on the basis of the concept of threshold voltage and linear potential gradient in solution

The Diffusion of Lithium in Lithium-Zinc Alloy

In a new type of secondary battery with a Li-Zn alloy as one electrode, chlorine as the other and a molten salt solution of LiCl-KCl, polarizations during charge and discharge at the Li-Zn alloy electrode may occur due to the slow diffusion of Li companying K in the alloy. This was examined by the use of chronoamperometric and chronopotentiometric methods. With a cathodic charge, the apparent diffusion coefficient of Li companying K was about 3.5×lO⁻⁵ cm²/sec at 500°C, whereas that of Li alone was about 6.0×l0⁻⁵ cm²/sec. Underan anodic discharge, the apparent diffusion coefficient was extremely large (the order of 10⁻⁴ cm²/sec), and this may be caused by the existence of convection at the alloy-electrolyte interface. The optimum charging and discharging current densities of the battery were estimated to be 0.2 and 0.3 A/cm² respectively

Studies on the Electrolysis of Sodium Sulfate Solution

Presented at The Indianapolis Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, May 3, 1961.The electrolysis of sodium sulfate solution by the 1500 amp. vertical mercury cell was investigated. Lead alloy containing 2% Ag and 1% Te was selected as the anode, and fine porous rubber sheet or blue asbestos cloth were used as the diaphragm. The concentrations of sulfuric acid and caustic soda obtained were 200-250 g/l H₂SO₄ and 30-40% NaOH, respectively, under the condition of 30 amp/dm² of current density by continuous operation. The terminal voltage was less than 5.0 volts and the current efficiency and the consumption of the anode were 90% and 2-3 mg/AH, respectively

CXCL13-producing CD4⁺ T cells accumulate in the early phase of tertiary lymphoid structures in ovarian cancer

卵巣がんにおける新たな免疫の仕組みを発見 --三次リンパ様構造の形成メカニズムと予後への影響を解明--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-08-05.Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are transient ectopic lymphoid aggregates whose formation might be caused by chronic inflammation states, such as cancer. However, how TLSs are induced in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and how they affect patient survival are not well understood. We investigated TLS distribution in relation to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and related gene expression in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) specimens. CXCL13 gene expression correlated with TLS presence and the infiltration of T cells and B cells, and was a favorable prognostic factor for HGSC patients. Coexistence of CD8⁺ T cells and B-cell lineages in the TME significantly improved the prognosis of HGSC and was correlated with the presence of TLSs. CXCL13 expression was predominantly coincident with CD4⁺ T cells in TLSs and CD8⁺ T cells in TILs, and shifted from CD4⁺ T cells to CD21⁺ follicular dendritic cells as TLS matured. In a mouse ovarian cancer model, recombinant CXCL13 induced TLSs and enhanced survival by the infiltration of CD8⁺ T cells. These results suggest that TLS formation was associated with CXCL13-producing CD4⁺ T cells and that TLSs facilitated the coordinated antitumor response of cellular and humoral immunity in ovarian cancer