Association of Mushroom Cultivation and Ozonolysis as Pretreatment for Enzymatic Saccharification of Sengon(Falcataria moluccana) Sawdust

Wood industry based on sengon (Falcataria moluccana) material has developed rapidly and cause the huge wastes. Lignocellulosic materials, such as sengon sawdust, offer a great potential as cheap and abundant feedstock for biofuels production. Ozone oxidation pretreatment was carried out on sengon wastes to improve fermentable sugar production by enzymatic saccharification. Sengon wood (SW), sengon media (SM), and sengon spent media (SMM), that was waste of media after mushroom cultivation, treated with ozone for different treatment time were enzymatically saccharified. Then the decrease of hydrolysis weight, reducing sugar yield, and monosaccharide yields were determined. Ozone treatment resulted in Klason lignin degradation in the all samples, resulting in the improvement of subsequent enzymatic saccharification. Ozone treatment with the duration more than 30 min was not suitable for SMM sample. Glucose yield after saccharification from the ozone-treated sample for 60 min was the highest among all samples in SW and SM treated, but for SMM it was 30 min. Based on these results, we concluded that mushroom cultivation can reduce the ozone time treatment and it is an effective treatment to improve sugar yield by enzymatic saccharification of sengon wastes. Gabungan Pra-perlakuan Ozonolisis dan Budidaya Jamur Sebelum Sakarifikasi Enzimatis Serbuk Kayu Sengon (Falcataria moluccana)IntisariIndustri kayu berbahan baku kayu sengon (Falcataria moluccana) saat ini tengah berkembang dengan sangat pesat dan hal ini menyebabkan timbulnya banyak limbah kayu sengon. Materi lignosellulosa, seperti limbah serbuk kayu sengon, merupakan potensi yang sangat baik sebagai bahan baku bio-fuel karena murah dan banyak tersedia. Praperlakuan dengan oksidasi ozon pada limbah kayu sengon dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi gula reduksi melalui proses sakarifikasi enzimatis. Serbuk sengon (SW), media sengon (SM), dan limbah media sengon (SMM), yang merupakan sisa dari media budidaya jamur, diberi perlakuan dengan ozon pada berbagai lama waktu perlakuan. Sampel yang sudah diberi perlakuan ozon tersebut kemudian dianalisis kandungan kimianya dan di-sakarifikasi secara enzimatis. Selanjutnya diukur laju hidrolisis, kadar gula pereduksi, dan kadar monosakarida. Perlakuan dengan ozon menyebabkan degradasi kadar Klason lignin di semua sampel, sehingga mengakibatkan peningkatan kemampuan sakarifikasi dari enzim. Perlakuan ozon dengan lama waktu lebih dari 30 menit tidak sesuai untuk sampel SMM. Kadar glukosa hasil sakarifikasi yang tinggi diperoleh dari sampel SW dan SM yang diberi perlakuan ozon selama 60 menit, serta SMM yang diberi perlakuan 30 menit. Berdasarkan hasil ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan jamur dapat mengurangi lama waktu perlakuan ozon dan praperlakuan efektif untuk meningkatkan kadar gula reduksi yang dihasilkan dari sakarifikasi enzimatis limbah kayu sengon

Representative Heights for Assessing Whole-Tree Values and the Within-Tree Variations of Derived Wood Properties in Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and E. Globulus

The representative heights in the trunk to indicate whole-tree values and the within-tree variations of derived wood properties, namely flexibility coefficient, wall coverage ratio, vessel diameter radial/tangential (R/T) ratio, fiber diameter R/T ratio, and fiber coarseness, were examined in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. globulus trees. In both species, within-tree variations were generally observed as high in the upper and outer parts of the trunk for wall coverage ratio and in the lower parts for flexibility coefficient and vessel diameter R/T ratio. In E. camaldulensis, within-tree variations were observed as high in the upper and outer parts of the trunk for fiber coarseness, and in the lower and inner parts for fiber diameter R/T ratio. In E. globulus, within-tree variations were observed as high in the outer parts for fiber coarseness, but fiber diameter R/T ratio had no clear trend. The representative height assessing the derived wood properties was 2.8 m in E. camaldulensis and 1.8 m in E. globulus, regardless of differences in tree height (growth rate). No representative height was found for wall coverage ratio

Prevention of Sugi (Cryptomeria Japonica D. Don) from Turning Black by Smoke Heating

Green sugi logs (tree A, normal heartwood color; tree B, heartwood color gradually turned to black after harvesting) were smoke-heated for 5, 10, 20, and 40 h to investigate the influence of smoke heating on the color change of heartwood. After the treatment, changes in color, pH, and content of norlignan were examined. The heartwood was also saturated with KHCO3 in order to examine the relationship between pH and changes in heartwood color. The results revealed that smoke heating the logs for at least 5 h prevented the heartwood from turning black; instead, the treated heartwoods turned yellowish-white. The pH value of the tree B decreased significantly from 7.4 to 6.5 after a 5-h smoke heating; from then on, the pH remained nearly constant with additional exposure. When smoke-heated, tree A- and tree B-heartwood specimens were saturated with a KHCO3 solution (pH 8.6), the brightness decreased, and the color turned black, suggesting that the blackening substances did not deteriorate when exposed to smoke heating. In the tree A heartwood, on the other hand, the contents of sequirin-C and agatharesinol barely changed before and after smoke heating. In the tree B heartwood, however, the amounts of agatharesinol and sequirin-C decreased significantly compared with those in the fresh heartwood before it turned black, whereas a large amount of norlignans, in particular, sequirin-C, was found in the smokeheated heartwood. The results obtained in the present study suggest that the chemical changes of norlignans accompanied with pH changes are closely involved in color changes in the sugi heartwood

Among-Clone Variations of Anatomical Characteristics and Wood Properties in Tectona Grandis Planted in Indonesia

Anatomical characteristics (vessel diameter [VD], fiber wall thickness [FWT], fiber diameter [FD], vessel element length [VEL], and fiber length [FL]) and wood properties (basic density [BD] and compressive strength parallel to grain [CS] in the green condition) were determined for 27 12-yr-old teak trees planted in Java Island, Indonesia. The mean values of VD, FWT, FD, VEL, FL, BD, and CS were 188 μm, 2.78 μm, 23.4 μm, 284 μm, 1.42 mm, 510 kg/m3, and 37.5 MPa, respectively. Significant differences in VEL, BD, and CS occurred among the nine clones. Moderate to high values of repeatability were obtained for FD, VEL, BD, and CS, indicating that these characteristics are genetically controlled. Radial variation of FL with respect to relative distance showed almost the same pattern for two different radial growth rates (faster and slower) at the same age, suggesting that xylem maturation in teak trees depends on cambial age rather than stem diameter

Technical Note: Solid Wood Properties of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Planted for Pulpwood Production in Thailand

Solid wood properties of two Eucalyptus camaldulensis clones (clone A and clone B), derived from different pulp and paper companies and planted in Thailand for pulpwood production, were investigated to evaluate the possibility for lumber production. Clone A had significantly higher Young's modulus, greater density, and straighter grain compared with clone B. These results suggest that some clones may have more favorable properties for lumber production than others. Thus, wood properties should be included in clonal trials and early testing of this species

Wood Property Variation in Acacia Auriculiformis Growing in Bangladesh

This study examined the radial variations of wood properties in 11-yr-old Acacia auriculiformis grown in Bangladesh having diameters of 222 ± 38 mm. The basic density, fiber length, and fiber length increment increased up to about 80 mm radial distance from the pith and then were almost constant toward the bark. The compressive strength (CS) increased from the pith to 50 mm and then became nearly constant to the bark. Conversely, the specific compressive strength, the ratio of CS to air-dried density, was almost constant from pith to bark, indicating positive relationships. However, the air-dried density explained only 50% variation of the CS. On the basis of radial variation of basic density, the core wood and outer wood boundary can be delineated at 70 - 90 mm from the pith. Similarly, the fiber length and fiber length increment curves showed that this boundary could be marked at 60 - 90 mm from the pith. The selected wood properties except CS varied significantly among the trees, which indicated the potential of tree selection for wood quality improvement through tree breeding

Geographic variations of wood properties of Larix sibirica naturally grown in Mongolia

Geographic variations in growth, stress-wave velocity of stem, dynamic Youngâs modulus of stems and logs, annual ring width, latewood percentage and basic density were investigated for (Münchh.) Ledeb. naturally grown in Mongolia. A total of 250 trees with 20 to 30 cm in stem diameter at a height of 1.3 m above ground level were selected from each natural stand in five different provenances in Mongolia. In addition, five trees in each stand were cut for measuring dynamic Youngâs modulus of stems and logs, annual ring width, latewood percentage and basic density. Mean values of stress-wave velocity of stems in each stand ranged from 2.92 to 3.41 km s, and the mean value of five stands was 3.23 km s. Mean values of dynamic Youngâs modulus of logs in each stand ranged from 5.17 to 9.72 GPa. A significant correlation (â=â0.798, â<â0.01) was found between stress-wave velocity of stems and dynamic Youngâs modulus of logs. Among the five stands, the highest and the lowest values of average annual ring number were 193 and 44, respectively. Mean values of basic density in five trees within each stand were examined and ranged from 0.52 to 0.56 g cm. Significant differences among five stands were found in tree height, stress-wave velocity of stem, dynamic Youngâs modulus of stems and logs, annual ring width and latewood percentage, suggesting that trees naturally grown in Mongolia have geographic variations in mechanical properties of wood.Larix sibiricaâ1â1rpâ3L. sibiric

Secondary xylem maturation evaluated by modeling radial variations in anatomical characteristics and wood properties of Shorea macrophylla (De Vr.) Ashton planted in Sarawak, Malaysia

Radial variations in anatomical characteristics and wood properties were investigated in 23-year-old Shorea macrophylla (engkabang) trees planted in Sarawak, Malaysia. The efects of radial growth rates on anatomical characteristics and wood properties and the manner of xylem maturation were determined based on selected mixed-efects models. The best models of radial variation were ftted by linear functions for wood fber length, wood fber wall thickness, basic density, and compressive strength. Logarithmic functions were applied for vessel element length and vessel frequency, and quadratic functions were applied for vessel diameter and wood fber diameter. Vessel diameter and wood fber length were afected by radial growth rates although these efects on the other properties were minimal. In the fxed part of the models, the results showed small mean absolute error values of radial variation in relation to the distance from the pith according to vessel frequency and vessel diameter. In contrast, in relation to the estimated cambial age, smaller mean absolute error values were obtained for cell length, wood fber traits, and basic density, suggesting that all properties varied from pith to bark in relation to the cambial age, except for vessel traits. Thus, in S. macrophylla, xylem maturation in cell length, wood fber traits, and basic density were due to cambial age rather than diameter growth, but xylem maturation in vessel traits depended on diameter growth

<Original>Aromatic Ring Cleavage of Various β-O-4 Lignin Model Dimers by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。In the degradation of β-O-4 lignin model dimers with different aromatic substituents on β-etherated aromatic ring by intact cells of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, esters of arylglycerol, cyclic carbonates, formate and methyl oxalate, were formed as aromatic ring cleavage products of the models. Substituents of aromatic nuclei considerably influenced the formation of aromatic ring cleavage products and O-C_4 cleavage product, arylglycerol