Epidemiologic Feature of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Elementary School Children

Abstract Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorders starting from childhood that has afflicted 3-5% of school children. ADHD has destructive effects on people's social, educational, personality, and behaviuoral relationships in childhood and adulthood. This cross-sectional school based study included all the students studying in grades one to five at elementary schools in Khorramabad (N=945), Iran. Eight girls and 8 boys schools were selected using a cluster, multi-stage sampling method. The Child Symptom Inventories-4 (CSI4) standardised questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaires were completed by teachers and parents in separate meetings. The cases that showed ADHD underwent clinical examinations by psychiatrists. The results were analysed via descriptive statistics and X 2 tests using the SPSS software. Out of 945 children, 50.7% and 49.3% were girls and boys respectively. Among the people studied, 3.17% suffered from ADHD including 40% from attention deficit, 33.3% from hyperactivity, and 26.6% from the combined type. ADHD was more prevalent in boys than in girls (4.9% vs. 1.5%). There was a significant relationship between children's gender and ADHD (p<0.005). The students in grade 5 showed the lowest, and those in grades 2 and 3 showed the highest ADHD rates. However, no significant relationships were found between parents' age, educational level, occupation, income, grade, and psychiatric problems in family. Identifying behavioral disorders including ADHD in school children and adolescents, due to their high prevalence, seems to be necessary. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate ADHD prevalence in elementary school students of Khorramabad

Brucellosis-Induced Avascular Necrosis of the Hip in a Middle-Aged Person

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease mostly transmitted to humans through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and can lead to a systemic disease with any organ involvement. In this report, we describe a case of brucellosis-induced avascular necrosis of the hip. Brucellosis was diagnosed through serological tests, and avascular necrosis of the femoral head was confirmed by pelvic MRI. The patient was treated with a combination of antimicrobial treatments and referred to the orthopedic service for total hip arthroplasty. Brucellosis may present with unusual manifestations and should be always taken into consideration, particularly in endemic areas

Psychometric testing of the Persian version of the Belongingness Scale-Clinical Placement Experience

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Background: Belongingness has been identified both as a fundamental human need and as a prerequisite for nursing students' clinical learning. Belongingness has also been associated with students' academic achievement, retention, self-esteem, self-directed learning, and self-efficacy. The Belongingness Scale - Clinical Placement Experience is a valid and reliable measure of nursing students' belongingness scores; however, a Persian version of this scale is not currently available. Aim: This study aimed to translate the Belongingness Scale. -. Clinical Placement Experience into Persian, to evaluate its psychometric properties, and to measure the belongingness experiences of Iranian nursing students. Methods: Following translation and initial validity and reliability testing of the scale, 300 nursing students from three universities in Iran completed the survey. Further psychometric testing was undertaken followed by analysis of descriptive statistics. Results: Based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis two items were removed from the scale. The mean score of Persian version of the Belongingness Scale. -. Clinical Placement Experience was 3.21 (0.57). The whole scale had a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha. = 0.92). The alpha coefficients of the subscales of "self-esteem", "connectedness", and "efficacy" were 0.85, 0.86, and 0.80 respectively. Conclusion: Similar to previous versions of the Belongingness Scale. -. Clinical Placement Experience, the Persian version demonstrated strong psychometric properties with strong validity and reliability, indicating its utility and appropriateness when measuring Iranian nursing students' belongingness experiences. Further testing with other cohorts would strengthen these results