THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SCHOOL PRINCIPALS' LEVEL OF 21ST CENTURY SKILLS AND THEIR CAPABILITY TO MANAGE CHANGE AT SCHOOLS

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between school administrators' levels of 21st century skills and their competencies in managing change, according to teachers' views. Moreover, it was investigated to reveal school administrators 21st century skills levels and their proficiency in managing change. In addition, it is aimed to reveal school administrators their 21st century skill levels and their proficiency in managing change. 290 teachers in Uşak participated in this quantitative research conducted in the relational survey model. As a research data collection tool, “The 21st Century Education Manager Skills Scale and the School Managers' Ability to Manage Change Scale were used. Correlation analyzes were also conducted along with descriptive statistics in order to determine the 21st century skills levels of school administrators and their proficiency in managing change. According to the results obtained, it has been seen that the 21st century skill levels of school administrators and their proficiency in managing change are at a very high level. Also, it has been determined that there is a high level of positive correlation between school administrators' proficiency levels of 21st century skills and their proficiency in managing change.  Article visualizations

Effects of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) powder on broiler performance parameters and histopathology of internal organs

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the addition of tarragon in the diet of broiler chickens affects their performance and histological structures of internal organs. A total of 240 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were used. The experiment included four treatment groups, with six replications per treatment. The experiment lasted 42 days and the chickens were provided with feed and water ad libitum. Experimental groups were given basal diet only (control group), basal diet + 0.1% tarragon powder (T1 group), basal diet + 0.2% tarragon powder (T2 group) and basal diet+ 0.5% tarragon powder (T3 group). The tarragon additive did not affect the values of the daily feed intake (DFI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) during the trial periods, while the highest daily weight gain (DWG) was recorded in the control group (P<0.05) on days 29-35 and 36-42. The longest jejunum villi was observed in the T2 group (P<0.05). The results indicate that different amounts of tarragon powder additive did not affect the DFI and FCR as performance parameters, while they had a negative impact on DWG. In addition, the livers, kidneys and intestinal tissue structures did not change. Therefore, the tarragon powder had no negative effects on the health of chickens

Etlik piliç diyetlerinde daha düşük seviyelerde organik çinko, bakır ve manganın performans, tibia mineral yoğunluğu ve dışkı mineral atılımı üzerine etkileri

The effects of replacing inorganic with lower levels of organic trace minerals of Zn, Cu and Mn on growth performance, mineralexcretion and mineral concentration in tibia were investigated in broilers. One-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were used. Chicks were divided into 4 different groups as 1 control and 3 experimental groups consisted of 50 chicks. All groups were also divided into 5 replicates containing 10 chicks. Starter (0-21 d) and finisher (21-42 d) broiler diets which not included Zn, Cu and Mn wereused. Specially prepared mineral premix (containing at 40 mg Zn, 80 mg Cu and 60 mg Mn levels of inorganic minerals in each kg as sulphate form) added to control diet in the level of recommended by NRC. Mineral content of the control diet was prepared usingstandard inorganic mineral premix that reflects the normal supplementary levels and source of trace minerals for commercial broilerfeed recommended by National Research Council. In the experimental diets, mineral premix was also prepared as inorganic formsexcept of Zn, Cu and Mn. Organically complexed Zn, Cu, and Mn were separately added into basal diet at 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 proportions as BioplexTM instead of inorganic forms of those mineral recommended levels by NRC. Experiment lasted 42 days. Results showedthat organically complexed trace minerals can be used at a much lower concentration than the current recommended as inorganicminerals, without a negative impact on performance, while also decreasing the excess mineral excretion. Further studies are needed to determine the proper level of organic trace minerals by taking tibia mineral levels into consideration.Araştırma, etlik piliç rasyonlarına inorganik formları yerine daha düşük seviyelerde organik bakır, çinko ve mangan ilavesinin etlik piliçlerde performans, tibia mineral yoğunluğu ve dışkı mineral atılımı üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacı ile yürütüldü. Araştırmada toplam 200 adet bir günlük yaşta Ross-308 civciv kullanıldı. Civcivler biri kontrol diğer üçü deneme grubu olmak üzere her biri 10’ar civcivli beş tekrardan oluşan dört gruba tesadüfi olarak dağıtıldı. Araştırmada bakır, çinko ve mangan içermeyen standart etlik piliç büyütme (0-21 gün) ve bitirme (21-42 gün) yemleri kullanıldı. Kontrol (inorganik) grubu yemlerine kg’ında sülfat formunda 40 mg Zn, 8mg Cu ve 60 mg Mn içeren özel olarak hazırlanmış mineral karışımı NRC tarafından bildirilen seviyelerde katıldı; deneme gruplarına ise bu minerallerin sırasıyla 1/3, 2/3 ve 3/3’ü oranında organik formlarını (Bioplex TM) içeren özel olarak hazırlanmış mineral karışımı ilave edildi. Araştırma 42 gün sürdürüldü. Araştırma sonucunda, NRC tarafından etlik piliçler için bildirilen inorganik Zn, Cu ve Mn seviyeleri yerine daha düşük miktarlarda organik formlarının katılabileceği; mineral seviyelerindeki bu azaltmanın etlik piliç performansını olumsuz etkilemediği; dışkı ile atılan mineral yoğunluğunu azalttığı; etlik piliç diyetlerinde en uygun mineral seviyelerinin belirlenebilmesi için tibia mineral yoğunluğunun da göz önüne alındığı ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu kanaatine varıldı

Formaldehit ile işlem görmüş soya küspesinin rumende korunmuş protein miktarı ve ince bağırsaklarda aminoasit emilimi üzerine etkisi

Bu araştırma formaldehit ile işleme tabi tutulmuş soya küspesinin rumen fermantasyonu, mikrobiyal protein sentezi korunmuş protein (by-pass protein) miktarı ve ince bağırsaklarda amino asit emilimi üzerine etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada hayvan materyali olarak, rumen duodenal ve ileal kanül takılmış 4 adet 1 yaşlı morkaraman koç kullanılmıştır. Yem materyali olarak günlük 800 g kuru yonca ve ağırlıklarının %8'i oranında su ve ham protein miktarlarının % 0, 0,3, 0,6 ve 0,9 düzeyinde saf formaldehit içeren solüsyonlarla işleme tabi tutulmuş 100 g soya küspesi verilmiştir. Duodenuma geçen günlük ham protein miktarı formaldehit işleminden etkilenmezken, günlük mikrobiyal ham protein miktarı özellikle % 0,3 ve 0,6 formaldehitli gruplarda azalmıştır (P < 0,05). Duodenum ve ileum ADF ve NDF sindirimleri bakımından gruplar arasında farklılık olmamıştır. Özellikle % 0,3 ve 0,6 düzeyinde uygulanan formaldehit işlemi duodenumdan esansiyel amino asitlerin (arjinin, histidin, löysin, metionin, fenilalanin ve valin) ve nonesansiyel amino asitlerin (alanin, aspartic asit) emilimini önemli derecede artırırken, tirozin emilimini azaltmıştır (P < 0,05). Esansiyel (löysin, valin) ve nonesansiyel amino asitlerin (serin, tirozin) ileumdan emilimi formaldehit uygulaması ile önemli derecede artmıştır (P < 0,05). Duodenumdan günlük toplam esansiyel amino asit emilimi de formaldehit uygulaması ile önemli derecede artırmıştır (P < 0,05). Sonuç olarak, % 0,3 ve % 0,6 formaldehit muamelesi soya küspesinin biyoyararlanilabilirliğini artırmıştırThis study was conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) treated with formaldehyde on rumen fermentation pattern, microbial protein synthesis, amount of by-pass protein, and amino acid absorption from small intestines. Four 1-year-old rams with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were fed 800 g of dry clover plus a concentrate mixture containing 100 g of SBM treated with 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% formaldehyde. The amount of crude protein passed through the duodenum was not affected by the formaldehyde treatment; however, the amount of microbial protein decreased in rams fed with SBM treated with both 0.3% and 0.6% formaldehyde (P &lt; 0.05). Digestibility of acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in the duodenum and ileum did not differ by treatments. In the rams fed SBM treated with both 0.3% and 0.6% formaldehyde, absorbability of arginine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine (essential amino acids), as well as alanine and aspartic acid (non-essential amino acids) significantly increased, whereas tyrosine absorbability notably decreased (P &lt; 0.05). Formaldehyde treatment increased the absorbability of other essential amino acids (leucine and valine) and non-essential amino acids (serine and tyrosine) in the ileum (P &lt; 0.05). Increasing the percentage of formaldehyde linearly increased total essential amino acid absorption in the duodenum (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, 0.3% and 0.6% formaldehyde treatment enhanced the bioavailability of protein in SBM

Degradability characteristics of soybean meal treated with formaldehyde in the rumen

Bu çalışma, farklı düzeylerdeki formaldehit muamelesinin soya küspesinin (SK) rumendeki kuru madde (KM), ham protein (HP), efektif kuru madde (EKMP) ve efektif protein parçalanabilirliği (EPP), ile bunlara ait parçalanma parametreleri (a, b, a+b, c) üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada SK ham protein miktarının %0, 0.3, 0.6 ve 0.9'u düzeyinde formaldehit ile muamele edilerek 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 ve 48 saatlik sürelerde nanende inkubasyona tabi tutulmuştur. Muamelesiz ve %0.3, 0.6 ve 0.9'u düzeyinde formaldehit muameleli SK'nin 48 saatlik inkubasyonda kuru madde parçalanabilirliği sırasıyla %89.38, 85.04, 77.09, 70.81 ham protein parçalanabilirliği %87.67, 79.98, 68.42, 58.61 olarak bulunmuştur (P < 0.01). Yine k=0.05 de efektif kuru madde parçalanabilirliği %58.58, 55.15, 52.38, 49.85 efektif ham protein parçalanabilirliği ise %49.48, 44.55, 39.75, 36.73 olarak tespit edilmiştir (P < 0.01). Çalışmada parçalanma parametrelerinin de (b, a+b) muamelelerden önemli derecede etkilendiği saptanmıştır (P < 0.05). SK'nin gerek kuru madde gerekse ham protein parçalanma oranlarının formaldehit muamelesi ile önemli derecede azaldığı, bu azalmanın formaldehit düzeyi ile doğru orantılı olduğu belirlenmiştir.This study was conducted to determine the effects of different level of formaldehyde treatments on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), effective DM (EDMD), effective CP (ECPD) degradabilities and degradation kinetic parameters of soybean meal in the rumen. Soybean meal was treated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% formaldehyde and then incubated in the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours. Degradability of DM was 89.38, 85.04, 77.09, and 70.81 degradability of CP was 87.67, 79.98, 68.42, and 58.61% for soybean meal treated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). At the passage rate of 0.05, EDMD was 58.58, 55.15, 52.38, and 49.85% and ECPD was 49.48, 44.55, 39.75, and 36.73% for increasing level of formaldehyde respectively (P &lt; 0.01). There were also significant effects of formaldehyde treatments on &quot;b&quot; and &quot;a+b&quot; kinetic parameters (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, degradabilities of DM and CP in the rumen decreased accordingly with increased levels of formaldehyde treatment of soybean meal

The comparative effects of the feed additives of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and enterococcus faecium on the criteria of ıntestinal microflora, egg quality and performance in laying hens

Bu araştırmada yumurta tavuğu rasyonlarında maya (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ve Enterococcus faecium yem katkımaddelerinin performans ve yumurta kalite kriterleri üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, Grup 1’de: Kontrol (K), Grup 2’de: K+ 1 g/kg Entereococcus faecium (EC) (cylactin ME 10 1x1010 cfu/g) ve Grup 3’te:K+ 1g/kg maya (SC) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) katkıları yeme uygulanarak yumurta tavuklarının performans parametreleri,bağırsak mikroflorası ve ince barsak villus uzunlukları karşılaştırıldı. Araştırmada 45 haftalık yaşta toplam 108 adet Lohmanırkı kahverengi ticari yumurtacı tavuk kullanıldı. Deneme grupları her grupta 36 tavuk olacak şekilde 3 farklı grup olaraktasarlandı. Yem tüketimi, yumurta üretimi, yumurta ağırlığı, yemden yararlanma oranı bakımından gruplar arasındaistatistiksel olarak fark olmadığı bulundu (P>0.05). Benzer şekilde yumurta kalite kriterleri bakımından gruplar arasındaistatistiki bir farklılık tespit edilmedi. Total bakteri sayısı, Enterococcus feacium katkılı gruba göre kontrol ve maya katkılıgrupta azaldı. Mide barsak sistemindeki total maya-mantar sayısı, maya katkılı grupta artmış ancak kontrol ve Enteroccus faecium katkılı grupta azaldı. Serum kırmızı kan hücreleri (SRBC) bakımından gruplar arasında fark olmadı. Sonuç olarak, Enteroccus faecium ve maya katkısının yumurtlama performansı ve yumurta kalite kriteri üzerine etkisinin olmadığı, ancaktotal bakteri sayısının Enterococcus faecium katkılı grupta, total maya-mantar sayısının ise maya katkılı grupta arttığı,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ve enterococcus’un SRBC üzerine istatistiksel olarak bir etki göstermediği tespit edildi.Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the comparative effects of the additives of yeast and Enterococcus faecium on the criteria of intestinal microflora, egg quality and performance in laying hens. Treatment groups employed were as follows: Group 1- Control (C, n=36): the criteria of intestinal microflora, egg quality and performance were 10 compared, Group 2 (n=36): C + 1 g/kg Enterococcus faecium (EF) (Cylactin ME 10 1x10 cfu/g), and Group 3 (n=36): C +1 g/kg yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SC). The experiment was carried out on 108 Lohman Brown strains of hens, aged 45 weeks old, allocated into 3 groups of 12 replications, each containing 3 hens. Trial groups contained 36 hens each. The feed intake, egg production, egg weight and feed conversion ratio did not differ statistically between the groups (P&gt;0.05). Similary, the egg quality criteria also did not differ statistically between the groups. The number of total bacteria increased in the Enteroccocus faecium group as compared to those of control and yeast-added groups. The number of yeast-fungus increased in the gastrointestinal tract of the yeast group, but it decreased in the control and Enterococcus faecium-added groups. The Serum Red Blood Cells (SRBC) showed no difference between the groups. As a result, the additions of Enterococcus faecium and yeast had no effect on the laying performance, but the numbers of total bacteria and and total yeast-fungus increased in the Enterococcus faecium- and yeast-added groups, respectively. The SRBC was not affected statistically by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and enterococcus

Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of breast and thigh meat of broiler chickens fed gradually increasing levels of supplemental blueberry extract

© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. part of Springer Nature.The effect of gradually increasing supplemental levels of blueberry extract on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of breast and thigh muscles of broiler chickens was investigated. One hundred ninety-two 7-day-old chickens were randomly distributed into four groups having four replicates with 12 birds in each replicate. Basal diets were prepared for starter (days 8 to 21) and finisher (days 22 to 42). Basal diets were offered to the control group only, whereas other treatments received basal diets fortified with 0.5, 1, and 2% blueberry extract (BB0.5, BB1, and BB2 groups, respectively). The duration of experiment was 35 days (days 8 to 42). During finisher and overall growth phases, broilers in the BB2 group had greater body weight gain than those in the BB0.5 and control groups, whereas the BB1 group had higher body weight gain than the control group (P < 0.001). Body weight gain remained unaffected during the starter phase. Feed intake was greater in the BB2 group than in the control group at days 8 to 21, 22 to 42, and 8 to 42 (P = 0.002, P = 0.035, and P = 0.001, respectively). The control group had poor FCR than the BB2 group in the starter phase (P = 0.034). At days 22 to 42, feeding blueberry extract (BB0.5, BB1, and BB2) improved the FCR of broilers compared with the control group, whereas the BB2 group had better FCR than the BB0.5 group (P < 0.001). At 8 to 42 days, broilers in the control group had poor FCR compared with the BB1 and BB2 groups, whereas the BB0.5 group had poor FCR than the BB2 group (P < 0.001). Slaughter weight was lower in the control group than in the blueberry extract groups, whereas the BB2 group had greater slaughter weight than the BB0.5 group (P < 0.001). Dressing percentage of broilers in the control and BB0.5 groups was lower than that in other groups (P < 0.001). Gizzard yield was higher in the BB0.5 and BB2 groups than in the control group (P = 0.021). In addition, feeding 2% blueberry extract increased the concentration of different fatty acids in breast and thigh meat of broiler chickens. Findings suggest that feeding 2% blueberry extract may improve growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of breast and thigh muscles of broilers