Biosynthetic pathways of polysaccharides and triterpenoids in <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i>.

<p>Dashed lines indicate steps consisting of multiple enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Symbols: HMG-CoA, hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A; HMGS, HMG-CoA synthase; HMGR, HMG-CoA reductase; MVD, mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase; IPP, isopentenyl-pyrophosphate; FPS, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase; FPP, farnesyl diphosphate; SQS, squalene synthase; and LS, lanosterol synthase.</p

Indenter geometrical effects on sub-micro/nano indentation and scratch behaviors of polymeric surfaces

<div><p></p><p>In this work, we study the indenter geometrical effects on the nanoindentation and scratch behaviors of polymers (epoxy resin and its based nanocomposites) through both experimental and numerical approaches. Two different types of indenter commonly used in nanoindentation tests, Berkovich (i.e., three-sided pyramid-shaped) and conical-shaped, are studied. An indenter (tip) geometry reconstruction procedure is presented and the results are input into finite element models to better understand the mechanisms of the geometrical effects on nanoindentation. The effect of indenter geometry on nanoscratch behavior is also investigated experimentally. Overall, our results show that the corrected Oliver and Pharr's method is applicable to nanoindentation of polymeric surfaces and the indenter geometry plays significant roles in both the nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests. The conical-shaped indenter provides slightly overestimated mechanical parameters for the polymers tested due to the material pile-up. Therefore, for nanoindentation and scratch tests, the type of indenter should always be mentioned and comparisons between tests using different types of indenter should be taken with caution.</p></div

Visualization 3: Fourier-based interpolation bias prediction in digital image correlation

experiment of coarse speckle pattern Originally published in Optics Express on 27 July 2015 (oe-23-15-19242

The 2-spoke slice selective gradient waveform (a) used in the pulse design and the resulting eddy current induced B0 shifts (b) measured in the phantom (blue curve) and in the human brain (red curve).

<p>Note that large eddy current induced B0 variations with about 4-emphasis eddy current compensation.</p

Days to primordium formation and first harvest, mushroom yield, biological efficiency, and polysaccharide and triterpenoid content in the <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> fruiting bodies induced by different treatments.

<p>Days to primordium formation and first harvest, mushroom yield, biological efficiency, and polysaccharide and triterpenoid content in the <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> fruiting bodies induced by different treatments.</p

Visualization 1: Fourier-based interpolation bias prediction in digital image correlation

experiment of fine speckle pattern Originally published in Optics Express on 27 July 2015 (oe-23-15-19242

Transcript levels of <i>pgm</i>, <i>ugp</i>, and <i>gls</i> genes in the polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway during three stages of fruit body development of <i>G</i>. <i>lucidum</i> induced with Ca²⁺ and SA, alone or in combination.

<p>The measurement was carried out using samples after 3 days, 9 days, and 21 days of induction corresponding the mycelium, primordium, and fruit body stages, respectively. Expression of the control samples in all three developmental stages is defined as 1.0, and expression levels of the induced samples are displayed as the ratio relative to the reference sample under the same developmental stages. Values are the mean ± standard deviation of three independent samples. <i>asterisk</i> indicates statistical significance (<i>p</i><0.05), compared to the control.</p

Primer pairs used for real-time quantitative PCR in this study.

<p>Primer pairs used for real-time quantitative PCR in this study.</p

Excitation fidelity of static B1 shimming (i.e., single-spoke pTX pulse design) in the human brain at 9.4 T using eddy current B0 corrected single-spoke pTX pulses.

<p>The coefficient variation values (i.e., std/mean) were calculated based on the corresponding Bloch simulations (left column), 3D GRE images normalized with respect to receive B1 (middle column) and actual flip angle imaging (right column). A nominal flip angle of 10° was used in both Bloch simulation and 3D GRE acquisition, and a higher nominal flip angle of 23° was employed in the flip angle mapping. Note that B1 shimming was not as effective as 2-spoke pTX pulse design in creating uniform excitation.</p

Visualization 1: Bionic research of pit vipers on infrared imaging

When a container filled with room temperature water was close to the pit vipers, they had no reaction. Originally published in Optics Express on 27 July 2015 (oe-23-15-19299