MOESM1 of Detecting the tipping points in a three-state model of complex diseases by temporal differential networks

Additional file 1. Detecting pre-disease states by temporal differential network

Disturbing miR-182 and -381 Inhibits BRD7 Transcription and Glioma Growth by Directly Targeting <i>LRRC4</i>

<div><p>Inactivated <i>LRRC4</i> has been clinically detected in gliomas, and promoter hypermethylation has been implicated as the mechanism of inactivation in some of those tumors. Our previous researches indicated that <i>LRRC4</i> is a target gene of miR-381, the interaction of miR-381 and <i>LRRC4</i> is involved in glioma growth. In this study, we demonstrate that <i>LRRC4</i> is a target gene of the other microRNA, miR-182. We found that the high expression of miR-182 and miR-381 in gliomas are involved in pathological malignant progression. The silencing of miR-182 and miR-381 inhibited the proliferation <i>in vitro</i> and growth of glioma cell with <i>in vivo</i> magnetic resonance imaging by intracranial transplanted tumor model in rats. We also demonstrated that BRD7, a transcriptional cofactor for p53, is highly expressed and negatively correlated with <i>LRRC4</i> expression in gliomas. Disturbing miR-182 and miR-381 affected transcriptional regulation of the <i>BRD7</i> gene. This finding was verified by ectopic overexpression of <i>LRRC4</i> or restoration of endogenous <i>LRRC4</i> expression by treatment with the DNA demethylating agent 5-Aza-dC. Taken together, miR-182 and miR-381 may be a useful therapeutic target for treatment of glioma.</p></div

Comparison of the global emission maps based on nightlight and population data to the Vulcan inventory for U.S. domain at the 0.1° resolution.

<p>Comparison of the global emission maps based on nightlight and population data to the Vulcan inventory for U.S. domain at the 0.1° resolution.</p

A comparison of benzyl and 2-naphthylmethyl ethers as permanent hydroxyl protecting groups in the synthesis of α-galactoglycosphingolipids KRN7000 and PBS-57

<p>Due to the interest in the biological properties of marine derived α-galactoglycosphingolipids (α-GalGSLs), a lot of work has focused on the development of their synthesis. Here we conducted the direct comparison of benzyl and 2-naphthylmethyl (Nap) ethers as permanent hydroxyl protecting groups for the synthesis of KRN7000, as well as the practical synthesis of a biologically active α-GalGSLs PBS-57. This work further revealed the advantages of Nap ether over benzyl ether for permanent hydroxyl protection in the synthesis of α-GalGSLs.</p

Evaluation of NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Data for Mapping Global Fossil Fuel Combustion CO₂ Emissions: A Comparison with DMSP-OLS Nighttime Light Data

<div><p>Recently, the stable light products and radiance calibrated products from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) have been useful for mapping global fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions at fine spatial resolution. However, few studies on this subject were conducted with the new-generation nighttime light data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Satellite, which has a higher spatial resolution and a wider radiometric detection range than the traditional DMSP-OLS nighttime light data. Therefore, this study performed the first evaluation of the potential of NPP-VIIRS data in estimating the spatial distributions of global CO₂ emissions (excluding power plant emissions). Through a disaggregating model, three global emission maps were then derived from population counts and three different types of nighttime lights data (NPP-VIIRS, the stable light data and radiance calibrated data of DMSP-OLS) for a comparative analysis. The results compared with the reference data of land cover in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou show that the emission areas of map from NPP-VIIRS data have higher spatial consistency of the artificial surfaces and exhibit a more reasonable distribution of CO₂ emission than those of other two maps from DMSP-OLS data. Besides, in contrast to two maps from DMSP-OLS data, the emission map from NPP-VIIRS data is closer to the Vulcan inventory and exhibits a better agreement with the actual statistical data of CO₂ emissions at the level of sub-administrative units of the United States. This study demonstrates that the NPP-VIIRS data can be a powerful tool for studying the spatial distributions of CO₂ emissions, as well as the socioeconomic indicators at multiple scales.</p></div

Comparison of the global emission maps only distributed by nightlights to the Vulcan inventory for U.S. domain at the 0.1° resolution

<p>Comparison of the global emission maps only distributed by nightlights to the Vulcan inventory for U.S. domain at the 0.1° resolution</p

Increased levels of aPKC cause morphogenesis defects.

<p>(A) <i>arm^F1a</i>, <i>zw3</i> maternal only mutants (M) display mild patterning defects, but denticles are still present in proper rows. (B) <i>arm^F1a</i>, <i>zw3</i> maternal mutants that express the daGAL4>UAS-aPKC^ΔN transgene display severe defects, as denticle organization is completely lost. (C) Schematic of <i>arm^F1a</i>, <i>zw3</i> maternal mutants expressing the daGAL4>UAS-aPKC^ΔN transgene showing the severe cell shape and alignment defects and random denticle placement (red dots) seen in these embryos. (D–F) Staining of the <i>arm^F1a</i>, <i>zw3</i>maternal mutants expressing aPKC^ΔN with pTyr in red and Arm in green. (D) pTyr shows the random placement of denticle precursors, and the denticle swirls rather than proper rows. (E) Arm localization shows the severe cell shape and alignment defects. (F) Merged view of pTyr and Arm localization shows that denticle placement is random within cells and the dorsal/ventral margins of denticle-producing cells do not display the proper enrichment of Arm protein. Scale bar = 20 µm.</p

The original Landsat Thematic Mapper images, land cover dataset, and three global emission maps of three cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou).

<p>The Landsat Thematic Mapper images of these cities are from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the land cover dataset is from the National Geomatics Center of China (NGCC).</p

Results of subgroup analysis comparing the time of EOF after gastrectomy.

<p>RR: Risk ratio; WMD: Weighted mean difference. CI: confidence intervals.</p><p>Day of surgery: 6 h≤ time to start EOF≤ 24 h after gastrectomy;</p><p>Day after surgery: time to start EOF>24 h after gastrectomy.</p><p>Results of subgroup analysis comparing the time of EOF after gastrectomy.</p

Regional spatial distributions of CO₂ emissions in the PRD China (a), Northeastern USA (b), and Western Europe (c).

<p>Regional spatial distributions of CO₂ emissions in the PRD China (a), Northeastern USA (b), and Western Europe (c).</p