Comparisons of statistical indices under different on Barbara Image.

<p>Comparisons of statistical indices under different on Barbara Image.</p

Comparative results on Mondrian image with

<p><b>.</b> The PSNR (dB) and SSIM for (b) ∼ (f) are (13.681, 0.883), (27.704, 0.981), (23.542, 0.966), (23.376, 0.966), (<b>30.158, 0.985</b>), respectively. Figure (a): Original Image; (b): Noisy Image; (c): Trilateral Filter <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108125#pone.0108125-Garnett1" target="_blank">[12]</a>; (d): Xiao et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108125#pone.0108125-Xiao1" target="_blank">[15]</a>; (e): Xiong and Yin's <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108125#pone.0108125-Xiong1" target="_blank">[16]</a>; (f): Proposed ALM.</p

Phase transition with regard to

<p><b> of the proposed ALM algorithm.</b> The curves colored red, green and blue define “phase transition” bounds for the case of , respectively.</p

Comparative results on Boat image with

<p><b>.</b> The PSNR (dB) and SSIM for (b) ∼ (d) are (10.696, 0.909), (23.737, 0.973), <b>(27.192, 0.985)</b>, respectively. Figure (a): Original Boat; (b): Noisy Boat; (c): Trilateral Filter; (d): Proposed ALM.</p

Comparison of visual effect on RS image when

<p><b>.</b> Figure (a): Original Image; (b): Noisy Image; (c): Trilateral Filter <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108125#pone.0108125-Garnett1" target="_blank">[12]</a>; (d): Xiao et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108125#pone.0108125-Xiao1" target="_blank">[15]</a>; (e): Xiong and Yin's <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108125#pone.0108125-Xiong1" target="_blank">[16]</a>; (f): Proposed ALM.</p

Comparisons of statistical indices under different on RS Image.

<p>Comparisons of statistical indices under different on RS Image.</p

Comparison of visual effect on Barbara image when

<p><b>.</b> Figure (a): Original Image; (b): Noisy Image; (c): Trilateral Filter <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108125#pone.0108125-Garnett1" target="_blank">[12]</a>; (d): Xiao et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108125#pone.0108125-Xiao1" target="_blank">[15]</a>; (e): Xiong and Yin's <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108125#pone.0108125-Xiong1" target="_blank">[16]</a>; (f): Proposed ALM.</p

Extraction of coastal raft cultivation area with heterogeneous water background by thresholding object-based visually salient NDVI from high spatial resolution imagery

<p>The development of high spatial resolution satellite imaging has enabled the acquisition of mariculture area information. This data could play an important role in mariculture investigations, ocean disaster evaluations, and coastal management. Because chlorophyll is concentrated in the widely distributed raft culture (a major kind of mariculture), the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can be used for extraction. However, extensive coastal raft culture is easily confused with the heterogeneous water background. This results in unsatisfactory extraction when surveying a large water area with heterogeneous water background. By combining object-based image analysis and the centre-surround mechanism of a visual attention model, we propose an object-based visually salient NDVI (OBVS-NDVI) feature. Comparison experiments using Gaofen-2 spectral imagery of Luoyuan Bay, Fuzhou, China, indicate that OBVS-NDVI can effectively discriminate raft cultivation areas over large areas with a heterogeneous water background.</p

Bifunctional Solid Lewis Acid–Base Catalysts for Efficient Conversion of the Glucose–Xylose Mixture to Methyl Lactate

Sugars produced from lignocellulose hydrolyzate are usually a mixture, of which glucose and xylose are the most abundant. Herein, a bifunctional solid catalyst (Mg-Sn-Beta zeolite) with Lewis (L) acidity and L basicity is developed, which can efficiently catalyze the glucose–xylose mixture to methyl lactate (MLA). This avoids the economic cost and cumbersome operation caused by separating mixed sugars. The retro-aldol condensation and aldol condensation are two major steps in converting glucose and/or xylose to MLA. L acid sites and L base sites in Mg-Sn-Beta zeolite are favorable for the above two steps. 1Mg-Sn-Beta-x and yMg-Sn-Beta-100 with different contents of L acid sites and L base sites were characterized via various techniques. In the conversion of glucose–xylose mixture to MLA, a considerable yield (52%) was obtained over 2Mg-Sn-Beta-100 compared with that on Sn-Beta-100 (25%). Besides, 2Mg-Sn-Beta-100 exhibited excellent stability and reusability during five reaction runs

Detection of TNF-α and IFN-γ in sera.

<p>The pooled sera collected from mice immunized with rOmpB-4 combined with <i>C</i>. <i>burnetii</i> CMR (O+CMR-C), <i>C</i>. <i>burnetii</i> CMR alone (CMR-C), or rOmpB-4 alone (rOmpB-4) on days 7, 14, and 21 after first immunization, respectively. TNF-α (A) or IFN-γ (B) in the sera was detected with a Multiplex MouseTh1/Th2 cytokine kit. The statistically significant differences in TNF-α or IFN-γ levels among groups on 14 days after primary immunization were analyzed using the Student’s <i>t-</i>test or Wilcoxon two-sample test according to their normality and homogeneity of variance. Results were expressed as mean ± SD (<i>n</i> = 3). <i>P</i><0.05 was considered significantly different. *, <i>P</i><0.05; ***, <i>P</i><0.001.</p