The role of perceived severity of disaster, rumination, and trait resilience in the relationship between rainstorm-related experiences and PTSD amongst Chinese adolescents following rainstorm disasters

This study examined the mediating role of perceived severity of trauma and rumination in the relationship between traumatic experiences and PTSD, and assessed the moderated role of resilience in this mediating process. Nine hundred and fifty-one adolescents were selected to complete a self-report questionnaire involving rainstorm-related experiences, perceived severity of trauma, rumination, resilience, and PTSD. The results found that rainstorm-related experiences had a positive effect on PTSD by perceived severity of disaster, or by rumination via perceived severity of disaster. Resilience buffered the relationship between rainstorm-related experiences and PTSD, but did not buffer the relation of rainstorm-related experiences to perceived severity of disaster and rumination. These findings indicated that rainstorm-related experiences may have an indirect effect on PTSD via cognitive activities, and these indirect paths were not buffered by resilience. A buffering effect only occurred in the direct paths from rainstorm-related experiences to PTSD

Surface and contour plots of COD removal efficiency in uncoded values for 180 min.

<p>(a) <i>X</i>_<i>1</i> (pH) and <i>X</i>_<i>2</i> (COD concentration) in fixed <i>X</i>_<i>3</i> (potential bias) at 15 V, (b) <i>X</i>_<i>1</i> (pH) and <i>X</i>_<i>3</i> (potential bias) in fixed <i>X</i>_<i>2</i> (COD concentration) at 2627 mg/L, (c) <i>X</i>_<i>2</i> (COD concentration) and <i>X</i>_<i>3</i> (potential bias) in fixed <i>X</i>_<i>1</i> (pH) at 6.</p

Results for the reduced cubic model of the variable effects on the response.

<p>Results for the reduced cubic model of the variable effects on the response.</p

Plot of actual vs predicted values (a) COD (b) TOC removal efficiency.

<p>Plot of actual vs predicted values (a) COD (b) TOC removal efficiency.</p

Concentration of organic micropollutants detected in the leachate in PEC treatment effluents.

<p>Concentration of organic micropollutants detected in the leachate in PEC treatment effluents.</p

Surface and contour plots of TOC elimination efficiency in uncoded values for 180 min.

<p>(a) <i>X</i>_<i>1</i> (pH) and <i>X</i>_<i>2</i> (COD concentration) in fixed <i>X</i>_<i>3</i> (potential bias) at 15 V, (b) <i>X</i>_<i>1</i> (pH) and <i>X</i>_<i>3</i> (potential bias) in set <i>X</i>_<i>2</i> (COD concentration) at 2627 mg/L, (c) <i>X</i>_<i>2</i> (COD concentration) and <i>X</i>_<i>3</i> (potential bias) in set <i>X</i>_<i>1</i> (pH) at 6.</p

Optimization of the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of landfill leachate using copper and nitrate co-doped TiO₂ (Ti) by response surface methodology

<div><p>In this paper, a statistically-based experimental design with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to examine the effects of functional conditions on the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of landfill leachate using a Cu/N co-doped TiO₂ (Ti) electrode. The experimental design method was applied to response surface modeling and the optimization of the operational parameters of the photoelectro-catalytic degradation of landfill leachate using TiO₂ as a photo-anode. The variables considered were the initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, pH and the potential bias. Two dependent parameters were either directly measured or calculated as responses: chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and total organic carbon (TOC) removal. The results of this investigation reveal that the optimum conditions are an initial pH of 10.0, 4377.98mgL^-1 initial COD concentration and 25.0 V of potential bias. The model predictions and the test data were in satisfactory agreement. COD and TOC removals of 67% and 82.5%, respectively, were demonstrated.</p><p>Under the optimal conditions, GC/MS showed 73 organic micro-pollutants in the raw landfill leachate which included hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds and esters. After the landfill leachate treatment processes, 38 organic micro-pollutants disappeared completely in the photoelectrocatalytic process.</p></div

Regression equations obtained for COD removal (<i>Y</i>_<i>1</i>) and TOC (<i>Y</i>_<i>2</i>) removal (%) of landfill leachate.

<p>Regression equations obtained for COD removal (<i>Y</i>_<i>1</i>) and TOC (<i>Y</i>_<i>2</i>) removal (%) of landfill leachate.</p

The observed and predicted COD and TOC elimination efficiencies using the CCD model.

<p>The observed and predicted COD and TOC elimination efficiencies using the CCD model.</p

ANOVA results for the response surface quadratic model for a 180-min PEC process.

<p>ANOVA results for the response surface quadratic model for a 180-min PEC process.</p